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welcome to the space telescope public

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lecture series

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tonight astronomy versus astrology

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arlanathan i'm your host dr frank

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summers of the space telescope science

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institute and i want to thank our

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wonderful tech team that brings this to

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you live over the internet thomas marufu

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and grant justice

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in our upcoming talks we only have one

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scheduled right now but don't worry i

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will get the other one scheduled it's

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just that you know during summer break

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is a hard time to get people scheduled

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so we have for you todd lauer of nsf's

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noir lab that sounds really cool but

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it's the national optical and infrared

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laboratory

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and he'll be talking about an amazing

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discovery on how dark is space what is

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the depth that you can go to and really

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see the faintest darkest thing there are

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well you got to measure it not from

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where we are in the solar system but

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at the edge of the solar system it's a

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really cool measurement and he'll tell

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you about that in october uh in november

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and december we will have an amazing

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speaker for you that i promise i will

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get this i'll get scheduled this month

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when i do have them schedules you can

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public hyphen lectures or if you just

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put in space telescope public lectures

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speaker and title you will find the

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questions you can send them to the email

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[Music]

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on social media you can find our

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institute for the hubble space telescope

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for the upcoming james webb space

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telescope and for the space telescope

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youtube and instagram at the address is

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provided here

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myself i do a tiny bit of social media

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um you can find me as dr prank summers

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on both facebook and twitter

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and now our news from the universe for

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september 2021

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our first story

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celebrity breakups

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comet style

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now if you pay attention to the gossip

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magazines you hear a lot about celebrity

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breakups and they seem to go they get

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they break up and they get back together

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and they break up and it seems to go on

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forever well i gotta tell you they got

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nothing on comments okay and so let's

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talk about comet breakups and this is

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comet atlas and it's in the middle of a

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severe breakup matter of fact it's

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disintegrating and going to pieces all

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right

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this is as hubble observed it on april

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23rd 2020.

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and you might say okay yeah the comet is

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broken up and that that's that's the big

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story that the comet breaks into all

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these pieces and the pieces disintegrate

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but there's a lot more to this story

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you see because comet atlas

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when it was discovered was found to have

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the same orbital trajectory as the great

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comet of 1844.

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now i also have to say i'm lying to you

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with this picture this picture is

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actually of the great comet of 1843

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uh because i couldn't find a uh picture

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of the great comet of 1844.

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uh turns out there was great comets in

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two years in a row

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they had a really good run in the 1840s

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all right and so the two comets have the

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same orbit and they did the mathematics

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and they pulled it back and they said

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well what probably happened so this is a

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much larger story of the breakup and it

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starts five thousand years ago so around

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five thousand years ago a comet passed

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by the sun and you can see this little

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comet doohickey that i've drawn here on

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the left hand side of the screen

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and after it passed by the sun the comet

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broke into two pieces

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two relatively large pieces and those

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pieces had just a slightly velocity kick

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okay

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one was moving just a tiny bit slower

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than the other and when it broke apart

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and over the 5 000 years that it was

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orbiting these pieces slowly drifted

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apart they stayed on basically the same

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orbit but they pulled a

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further and further apart

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the first piece

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the bigger piece arrived in 1844 as the

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great comet of 1844.

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the second piece didn't arrive till

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almost 200 years later in 2020 as comet

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atlas

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and as that piece arrived this is the

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one that disintegrated and

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so you may think that the celebrity

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breakups take forever but this one shows

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you that comet breakups can actually

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last 5 000 years

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scientifically what do we learn about

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this

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well we really when when the comet

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breaks up you actually under expose the

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interior of the comet and so the

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question is is the

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interior of a comet a uniform structure

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or is it lumpy and if it's lumpy on what

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scale is it lumpy all right and so you

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study questions like how many fragments

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and comets did it break into

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what is the size distribution of the

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fragments from the tiny pieces to the

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very large pieces

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and how far from the sun do these

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fragments disintegrate how much solar

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radiation is necessary to cause them to

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break apart and furthermore how long do

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fragments take to disintegrate

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what is the density structure of these

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fragments do they disintegrate quickly

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to disintegrate slowly and in particular

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if you have two fragments of the same

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size

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do they both disintegrate in the same

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amount of time

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so the astronomers have been studying

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this here are two images of comet

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athletes breakup

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and their conclusion based on common

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atlas

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is that even very small comets can have

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lumpy interiors

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they suspect the parent body for this

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was less than one kilometer across

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and so even comets as small as one

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kilometer across

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can have lumpy interiors and that's what

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our second story

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ngc 2276

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you're pulling my arm

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now this is of course a variation on the

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phrase you're pulling my leg but

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galaxies don't have legs

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they do however have arms especially

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when they are a spiral galaxy these are

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three gorgeous spiral galaxies ngc 1232

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the whirlpool galaxy and ngc 3982 and

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one of the things you see is the

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beautiful symmetry of these spiral arms

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that makes these spiral galaxies just so

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gorgeous

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well a recent observation from hubble

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looked at a galaxy a spiral galaxy

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called ngc 2276

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and here you see those beautiful spiral

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arms

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but you also see a bit of asymmetry

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there's something not quite even the

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pattern isn't smooth rounded

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so what's going on

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well to answer that let's look on a

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larger scale this is an image from adam

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block

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and uh you can see that ngc 2276

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is nearby galaxy ngc 2300

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and the gravity of ngc 2300 is pouring

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on engine c2276

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and it's pulling stronger on the near

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side than it is on the far side

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producing

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a pull on the spiral arm on the near

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side of 2276.

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and this image also includes hydrogen

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alpha which shows you where the star

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forming regions are

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and you'll notice in the upper left of

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ngc 2276 there's enhanced star formation

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there's a lot of star formation

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happening and really that shouldn't

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happen in just one part of the galaxy it

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should happen uh relatively all over

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when you have a star from the galaxy so

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this indicates that perhaps

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the galaxy is

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running through an intergalactic medium

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and that there is pressure pushing on

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these stars to create star formation

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so

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the asymmetry in ngc 2276 on the right

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hand side

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is caused by the gravitational tidal

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pole of ngc 2300

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and on the left hand side perhaps by ram

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pressure compression as it's moving

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through this intergalactic medium

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you'll notice i put a question mark

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there because it's not really proven

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that it is ram pressure compression but

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it looks like one of the good good uh

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explanations for it now and people will

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of course uh study it more in order to

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figure out that's true

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but this is a galaxy where hey you know

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it's not lying to you it's not pulling

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your your leg uh but another galaxy is

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our speaker tonight uh is nicole

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arulanatham

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and she will be talking on astronomy

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versus astrology

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now nicole is relatively new at the

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space telescope science institute she's

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only been there for one year which gives

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her a special distinction of

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she's been working at space telescope

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and she's never had an office at space

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telescope because we've been in work

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from home for the past year

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uh before she came to space telescope

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she did her um phd at the colorado

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university colorado boulder which is cu

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boulder she corrected me even though you

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would think it would be uc boulder

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and she will not be talking on her

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thesis subject but she works on

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proto-planetary disks

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before that she did her master's at

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wesleyan um and her uh undergraduate

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work at ucla

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uh nicole in her spare time likes to run

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and she has joined a local group called

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a tribe called run

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oh so ladies and gentlemen please

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thank you frank can you see and hear me

282
00:11:47,430 --> 00:11:45,670
yes

283
00:11:49,190 --> 00:11:47,440
okay awesome

284
00:11:51,269 --> 00:11:49,200
so thank you all so much for joining i'm

285
00:11:53,509 --> 00:11:51,279
really thrilled to be here and giving

286
00:11:56,069 --> 00:11:53,519
you the public lecture tonight

287
00:11:59,350 --> 00:11:56,079
um so as you can see on this title slide

288
00:12:01,350 --> 00:11:59,360
our main question tonight is going to be

289
00:12:02,230 --> 00:12:01,360
understanding what the difference is

290
00:12:06,150 --> 00:12:02,240
really

291
00:12:08,550 --> 00:12:06,160
between astronomy and astrology

292
00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:08,560
now if we were able to have this lecture

293
00:12:13,829 --> 00:12:11,440
in person i would maybe ask for some

294
00:12:16,550 --> 00:12:13,839
audience participation at this point

295
00:12:19,190 --> 00:12:16,560
so i might take a quick poll

296
00:12:21,750 --> 00:12:19,200
and ask everyone in the audience to

297
00:12:23,750 --> 00:12:21,760
raise their hands if they feel confident

298
00:12:24,949 --> 00:12:23,760
that they can answer this question right

299
00:12:27,190 --> 00:12:24,959
now

300
00:12:29,590 --> 00:12:27,200
so without hearing the rest of the talk

301
00:12:31,590 --> 00:12:29,600
i would ask who feels like they can tell

302
00:12:33,910 --> 00:12:31,600
me the difference between astronomy and

303
00:12:35,910 --> 00:12:33,920
astrology

304
00:12:38,069 --> 00:12:35,920
and if we had a really engaged audience

305
00:12:40,150 --> 00:12:38,079
we might see a lot of hands go up all

306
00:12:41,910 --> 00:12:40,160
across the room

307
00:12:44,629 --> 00:12:41,920
so i would maybe pick on a few people

308
00:12:46,949 --> 00:12:44,639
who looked particularly confident

309
00:12:49,030 --> 00:12:46,959
and i would ask them to tell us in maybe

310
00:12:50,949 --> 00:12:49,040
two or three sentences

311
00:12:52,949 --> 00:12:50,959
what the difference is between astronomy

312
00:12:55,030 --> 00:12:52,959
and astrology

313
00:12:56,710 --> 00:12:55,040
now maybe we would have some rock star

314
00:12:59,190 --> 00:12:56,720
participants in the audience who could

315
00:13:00,790 --> 00:12:59,200
give us a perfect beautiful answer that

316
00:13:02,470 --> 00:13:00,800
would be really embarrassing for me

317
00:13:04,150 --> 00:13:02,480
because then i still have to give this

318
00:13:06,550 --> 00:13:04,160
talk which is maybe pointless if

319
00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:06,560
somebody can already answer it

320
00:13:09,350 --> 00:13:08,240
but i think what would more likely

321
00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:09,360
happen

322
00:13:15,509 --> 00:13:11,760
would be that people would be

323
00:13:18,790 --> 00:13:15,519
really good at describing astronomy

324
00:13:20,550 --> 00:13:18,800
or really good at describing astrology

325
00:13:22,710 --> 00:13:20,560
and i think we would have a really hard

326
00:13:26,069 --> 00:13:22,720
time comparing the two

327
00:13:28,150 --> 00:13:26,079
without using language like nonsense

328
00:13:29,269 --> 00:13:28,160
or rocket science

329
00:13:31,509 --> 00:13:29,279
so that's what we're really going to

330
00:13:33,750 --> 00:13:31,519
dive into tonight

331
00:13:35,430 --> 00:13:33,760
now you may be asking yourselves why is

332
00:13:37,590 --> 00:13:35,440
she so confident that this is a hard

333
00:13:41,189 --> 00:13:37,600
question to answer

334
00:13:43,750 --> 00:13:41,199
well the confusion between astronomy and

335
00:13:44,949 --> 00:13:43,760
astrology is really prevalent in our

336
00:13:47,189 --> 00:13:44,959
society

337
00:13:49,269 --> 00:13:47,199
and a couple of years ago there was a

338
00:13:52,470 --> 00:13:49,279
really perfect case study that

339
00:13:53,269 --> 00:13:52,480
demonstrated this confusion

340
00:13:58,150 --> 00:13:53,279
so

341
00:13:59,910 --> 00:13:58,160
bachelor and bachelorette tv shows

342
00:14:01,750 --> 00:13:59,920
but i hadn't really thought too much

343
00:14:02,870 --> 00:14:01,760
about the australian edition of the

344
00:14:04,790 --> 00:14:02,880
bachelor

345
00:14:07,430 --> 00:14:04,800
until 2019

346
00:14:08,710 --> 00:14:07,440
when the show cast an astrophysicist dr

347
00:14:10,710 --> 00:14:08,720
matt agnew

348
00:14:13,670 --> 00:14:10,720
as the bachelor

349
00:14:16,710 --> 00:14:13,680
now matt was going to be introduced to a

350
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:16,720
whole group of single women

351
00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:18,480
and he would get to go on dates with

352
00:14:22,389 --> 00:14:20,560
them over the course of the show he

353
00:14:24,150 --> 00:14:22,399
would hand out roses to the ones that he

354
00:14:25,910 --> 00:14:24,160
really felt a connection with and by the

355
00:14:28,550 --> 00:14:25,920
end of the show he would have narrowed

356
00:14:31,269 --> 00:14:28,560
it down to his one true love lots of

357
00:14:32,230 --> 00:14:31,279
drama would ensue throughout the show

358
00:14:33,430 --> 00:14:32,240
and

359
00:14:36,550 --> 00:14:33,440
you know we would be left with a

360
00:14:38,389 --> 00:14:36,560
beautiful happily ever after

361
00:14:40,470 --> 00:14:38,399
now the reason that the australian

362
00:14:42,629 --> 00:14:40,480
audition edition of the show came across

363
00:14:44,949 --> 00:14:42,639
my radar was because they released what

364
00:14:46,790 --> 00:14:44,959
was a very controversial promotional

365
00:14:50,389 --> 00:14:46,800
video

366
00:14:53,030 --> 00:14:50,399
abby

367
00:14:55,110 --> 00:14:53,040
come up to matt to introduce herself and

368
00:14:56,310 --> 00:14:55,120
she says hello and then asks what do you

369
00:14:57,910 --> 00:14:56,320
do

370
00:14:59,509 --> 00:14:57,920
to which matt replies oh i'm an

371
00:15:01,750 --> 00:14:59,519
astrophysicist

372
00:15:05,269 --> 00:15:01,760
and we have a slight pause

373
00:15:07,590 --> 00:15:05,279
to which abby replies okay i'm a gemini

374
00:15:10,150 --> 00:15:07,600
and then all of a sudden the music

375
00:15:13,189 --> 00:15:10,160
changes it gets very dramatic we can

376
00:15:14,069 --> 00:15:13,199
tell that abby has made a huge blunder

377
00:15:15,509 --> 00:15:14,079
here

378
00:15:17,990 --> 00:15:15,519
because we see matt looking

379
00:15:19,509 --> 00:15:18,000
flabbergasted he takes a very long time

380
00:15:21,269 --> 00:15:19,519
to respond

381
00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:21,279
so it's clear that something has gone

382
00:15:25,670 --> 00:15:23,360
wrong in this interaction abby has made

383
00:15:28,310 --> 00:15:25,680
a mistake

384
00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:28,320
now then the music changes again it

385
00:15:34,629 --> 00:15:31,360
becomes a little bit more bubbly and fun

386
00:15:36,710 --> 00:15:34,639
and we see some clips of the women

387
00:15:38,949 --> 00:15:36,720
talking inside the house after they've

388
00:15:40,550 --> 00:15:38,959
introduced themselves to the bachelor so

389
00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:40,560
we hear somebody say that it sounds like

390
00:15:44,069 --> 00:15:42,240
a fake job like my boyfriend's an

391
00:15:47,030 --> 00:15:44,079
astrophysicist

392
00:15:48,629 --> 00:15:47,040
off camera we hear a producer ask

393
00:15:50,870 --> 00:15:48,639
another contestant whether she

394
00:15:52,790 --> 00:15:50,880
understands what matt's job is

395
00:15:55,910 --> 00:15:52,800
to which she replies

396
00:15:58,470 --> 00:15:55,920
no not really am i supposed to

397
00:16:00,790 --> 00:15:58,480
and to ask to answer her question

398
00:16:03,590 --> 00:16:00,800
not necessarily right we don't all need

399
00:16:05,269 --> 00:16:03,600
to know everything about everyone that

400
00:16:07,829 --> 00:16:05,279
we might meet

401
00:16:11,269 --> 00:16:07,839
uh but it's worth noting that these

402
00:16:13,030 --> 00:16:11,279
women were absolutely skewered on social

403
00:16:14,069 --> 00:16:13,040
media

404
00:16:15,829 --> 00:16:14,079
now i'm going to give you a little bit

405
00:16:17,910 --> 00:16:15,839
of behind the scenes information that

406
00:16:19,110 --> 00:16:17,920
came out in interviews after the show

407
00:16:21,910 --> 00:16:19,120
aired

408
00:16:25,509 --> 00:16:21,920
our lovely gemini abby and the bachelor

409
00:16:28,069 --> 00:16:25,519
mat both shared that their conversation

410
00:16:30,389 --> 00:16:28,079
where abby said that she was a gemini

411
00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:30,399
went very differently in real life

412
00:16:35,269 --> 00:16:32,800
and that the producers of the show had

413
00:16:38,069 --> 00:16:35,279
actually pieced together

414
00:16:40,150 --> 00:16:38,079
uh clips of what she had said to make it

415
00:16:41,350 --> 00:16:40,160
look like she had responded that she was

416
00:16:42,949 --> 00:16:41,360
a gemini

417
00:16:45,189 --> 00:16:42,959
when matt told her that she was an

418
00:16:47,829 --> 00:16:45,199
astrophysicist

419
00:16:50,150 --> 00:16:47,839
so this is very interesting for a couple

420
00:16:52,470 --> 00:16:50,160
of reasons so first of all if abby

421
00:16:54,069 --> 00:16:52,480
really had gotten confused

422
00:16:56,069 --> 00:16:54,079
that's something that's really prevalent

423
00:16:58,629 --> 00:16:56,079
in society so she's not out of the

424
00:17:01,110 --> 00:16:58,639
ordinary here

425
00:17:03,189 --> 00:17:01,120
but if this was true that the producers

426
00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:03,199
of the show had cut and pasted these

427
00:17:06,949 --> 00:17:05,360
clips to make it look like she had

428
00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:06,959
gotten confused

429
00:17:10,390 --> 00:17:08,880
it's clearly done in a way to make us

430
00:17:12,150 --> 00:17:10,400
feel some type of way about the

431
00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:12,160
contestants that might influence our

432
00:17:16,150 --> 00:17:14,000
perception of them moving forward and

433
00:17:18,150 --> 00:17:16,160
watching the rest of the show

434
00:17:19,909 --> 00:17:18,160
and so it's clear that not only is this

435
00:17:22,230 --> 00:17:19,919
confusion prevalent

436
00:17:25,590 --> 00:17:22,240
people know that this confusion is

437
00:17:28,470 --> 00:17:25,600
prevalent and are very much inclined to

438
00:17:30,070 --> 00:17:28,480
use it as a way to entertain

439
00:17:32,070 --> 00:17:30,080
rather than correcting some of the

440
00:17:34,470 --> 00:17:32,080
misconceptions or answering some of the

441
00:17:38,230 --> 00:17:34,480
very reasonable questions that the women

442
00:17:41,510 --> 00:17:39,909
now it was clear from watching the video

443
00:17:43,990 --> 00:17:41,520
that we were supposed to think a certain

444
00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:44,000
type of way about the intelligence of

445
00:17:46,789 --> 00:17:45,760
these women

446
00:17:48,549 --> 00:17:46,799
and so

447
00:17:50,549 --> 00:17:48,559
in the interest of working smarter and

448
00:17:51,590 --> 00:17:50,559
not harder before we really dive into

449
00:17:53,590 --> 00:17:51,600
the talk

450
00:17:56,390 --> 00:17:53,600
we can see whether an animal an

451
00:17:58,950 --> 00:17:56,400
etymology lesson will clear things up

452
00:18:02,310 --> 00:17:58,960
so we'll break down the words into their

453
00:18:04,549 --> 00:18:02,320
components and see if we can get some

454
00:18:06,230 --> 00:18:04,559
definitions out of that that maybe these

455
00:18:07,510 --> 00:18:06,240
women should have been able to figure

456
00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:07,520
out

457
00:18:11,830 --> 00:18:09,760
so we'll start with our prefix astro

458
00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:11,840
which is common to astronomy

459
00:18:16,950 --> 00:18:14,480
astrophysics and astrology

460
00:18:19,990 --> 00:18:16,960
and we know that the prefix astro tells

461
00:18:24,310 --> 00:18:20,000
us that something is related to stars

462
00:18:28,150 --> 00:18:24,320
celestial bodies and outer space

463
00:18:30,710 --> 00:18:28,160
then we'll take a look at our suffixes

464
00:18:33,909 --> 00:18:30,720
the suffix anatomy tells us about a

465
00:18:36,150 --> 00:18:33,919
system of rules laws or knowledge about

466
00:18:39,029 --> 00:18:36,160
a particular field

467
00:18:41,990 --> 00:18:39,039
the suffix physics tells us about nature

468
00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:42,000
or natural order

469
00:18:48,870 --> 00:18:44,960
and finally the suffix ology tells us

470
00:18:50,470 --> 00:18:48,880
about a field of study or a discipline

471
00:18:52,230 --> 00:18:50,480
so we have our breakdown we know what

472
00:18:54,070 --> 00:18:52,240
our prefix means and we know what our

473
00:18:56,310 --> 00:18:54,080
three suffixes mean

474
00:18:57,909 --> 00:18:56,320
so let's stick them all together and see

475
00:18:59,750 --> 00:18:57,919
if we can get some meaning out of these

476
00:19:01,990 --> 00:18:59,760
words

477
00:19:05,350 --> 00:19:02,000
so when we do this we'll find that

478
00:19:07,350 --> 00:19:05,360
astronomy is a system of rules laws or

479
00:19:09,190 --> 00:19:07,360
knowledge about star celestial bodies in

480
00:19:10,789 --> 00:19:09,200
outer space

481
00:19:13,029 --> 00:19:10,799
astrophysics

482
00:19:15,430 --> 00:19:13,039
tells us about the nature or natural

483
00:19:16,789 --> 00:19:15,440
order of star celestial bodies in outer

484
00:19:19,830 --> 00:19:16,799
space

485
00:19:22,310 --> 00:19:19,840
and finally astrology tells us about the

486
00:19:24,789 --> 00:19:22,320
field of study related to stars

487
00:19:26,630 --> 00:19:24,799
celestial bodies and outer space

488
00:19:28,789 --> 00:19:26,640
so i've kind of spoiled the punch line

489
00:19:30,390 --> 00:19:28,799
here a little bit with the title of this

490
00:19:31,669 --> 00:19:30,400
slide but it's clear from these

491
00:19:34,230 --> 00:19:31,679
definitions

492
00:19:36,950 --> 00:19:34,240
that etymology can't help us here right

493
00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:36,960
if we happen to be a contestant on the

494
00:19:40,070 --> 00:19:38,480
australian version of the bachelor in

495
00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:40,080
2019

496
00:19:45,190 --> 00:19:42,720
we would not be able to spout out these

497
00:19:46,789 --> 00:19:45,200
definitions and provide any meaningful

498
00:19:48,630 --> 00:19:46,799
information for the people who are

499
00:19:49,669 --> 00:19:48,640
confused about what an astrophysicist

500
00:19:51,590 --> 00:19:49,679
might do

501
00:19:53,510 --> 00:19:51,600
or about what the difference is between

502
00:19:56,230 --> 00:19:53,520
these three words

503
00:19:58,150 --> 00:19:56,240
so maybe it's not really fair to expect

504
00:19:59,830 --> 00:19:58,160
people to already know what the

505
00:20:03,029 --> 00:19:59,840
difference is between astronomy and

506
00:20:05,830 --> 00:20:03,039
astrophysics and astrology

507
00:20:07,909 --> 00:20:05,840
now we can learn a little bit more about

508
00:20:10,149 --> 00:20:07,919
why this confusion exists

509
00:20:12,950 --> 00:20:10,159
by taking another bit of a dive into

510
00:20:18,470 --> 00:20:16,390
so if we go to the wildly popular video

511
00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:18,480
sharing app tick tock

512
00:20:21,830 --> 00:20:19,840
we can do a quick little thought

513
00:20:23,270 --> 00:20:21,840
experiment now i personally had to get

514
00:20:24,950 --> 00:20:23,280
rid of tick-tock off my phone at the

515
00:20:26,149 --> 00:20:24,960
beginning of the pandemic because all of

516
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:26,159
a sudden it would be two o'clock in the

517
00:20:28,870 --> 00:20:27,679
morning and i'm still scrolling through

518
00:20:31,350 --> 00:20:28,880
videos

519
00:20:35,590 --> 00:20:31,360
but if any of you wanted to open up the

520
00:20:37,350 --> 00:20:35,600
app and search for a video on astrology

521
00:20:40,230 --> 00:20:37,360
you could search for videos that were

522
00:20:41,830 --> 00:20:40,240
tagged with this hashtag and that would

523
00:20:44,630 --> 00:20:41,840
tell you that the video mentioned

524
00:20:46,950 --> 00:20:44,640
something about astrology

525
00:20:49,590 --> 00:20:46,960
so when we do this we get a whole list

526
00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:49,600
of some of the more popular videos

527
00:20:54,549 --> 00:20:52,000
and we can see that all of the videos

528
00:20:58,870 --> 00:20:54,559
that are tagged as astrology

529
00:21:00,950 --> 00:20:58,880
have a total of 24.2 billion views

530
00:21:04,470 --> 00:21:00,960
now this is a lot this is a really big

531
00:21:08,070 --> 00:21:04,480
number and just for context there are

532
00:21:09,510 --> 00:21:08,080
just under 8 billion people in the world

533
00:21:11,430 --> 00:21:09,520
today

534
00:21:14,470 --> 00:21:11,440
so if these astrology videos have been

535
00:21:17,270 --> 00:21:14,480
viewed 24 billion times

536
00:21:19,510 --> 00:21:17,280
that means that's enough views for every

537
00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:19,520
single living person to have viewed

538
00:21:23,990 --> 00:21:22,320
three videos on astrology

539
00:21:25,350 --> 00:21:24,000
and now of course we know that not every

540
00:21:27,029 --> 00:21:25,360
single person in the world is going to

541
00:21:28,549 --> 00:21:27,039
be on tick tock looking at astrology

542
00:21:30,549 --> 00:21:28,559
videos but this just gives us some

543
00:21:33,270 --> 00:21:30,559
context about how

544
00:21:36,310 --> 00:21:33,280
popular and widespread this information

545
00:21:38,310 --> 00:21:36,320
about astrology is

546
00:21:40,470 --> 00:21:38,320
now if we do the same thought experiment

547
00:21:42,710 --> 00:21:40,480
but instead of looking for videos tagged

548
00:21:44,149 --> 00:21:42,720
with astrology

549
00:21:46,230 --> 00:21:44,159
but look for videos tagged with

550
00:21:48,070 --> 00:21:46,240
astronomy or astrophysics

551
00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:48,080
we see that these videos have been

552
00:21:53,029 --> 00:21:51,120
viewed a combined total of only 540

553
00:21:54,549 --> 00:21:53,039
million times

554
00:21:57,029 --> 00:21:54,559
now this is still a pretty big number

555
00:21:58,870 --> 00:21:57,039
but it's certainly not 24 billion so

556
00:22:01,990 --> 00:21:58,880
just for context again

557
00:22:04,710 --> 00:22:02,000
a total of 540 million views would mean

558
00:22:08,789 --> 00:22:04,720
that there has been one video viewed for

559
00:22:11,110 --> 00:22:08,799
every 15 living people

560
00:22:13,669 --> 00:22:11,120
so this kind of gives us a sense that

561
00:22:15,830 --> 00:22:13,679
astrology is maybe a little bit more

562
00:22:17,270 --> 00:22:15,840
accessible to most people across the

563
00:22:19,430 --> 00:22:17,280
globe and that astronomy and

564
00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:19,440
astrophysics may still be a little bit

565
00:22:22,149 --> 00:22:20,480
hidden

566
00:22:24,070 --> 00:22:22,159
and this is something that we as

567
00:22:25,750 --> 00:22:24,080
astronomers and astrophysicists at the

568
00:22:27,750 --> 00:22:25,760
space telescope science institute are

569
00:22:30,149 --> 00:22:27,760
actively thinking about is how we can

570
00:22:32,950 --> 00:22:30,159
make our work that we do here more

571
00:22:34,390 --> 00:22:32,960
accessible to everybody

572
00:22:35,990 --> 00:22:34,400
and it's something that maybe all of you

573
00:22:39,430 --> 00:22:36,000
after listening to this talk can think

574
00:22:42,390 --> 00:22:39,440
about doing moving forward as well

575
00:22:44,070 --> 00:22:42,400
so we've seen that maybe

576
00:22:46,230 --> 00:22:44,080
talking about the difference between

577
00:22:47,830 --> 00:22:46,240
astrology astronomy and astrophysics can

578
00:22:50,310 --> 00:22:47,840
get a little bit confusing right the

579
00:22:51,669 --> 00:22:50,320
words sound very similar

580
00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:51,679
so instead

581
00:22:54,950 --> 00:22:53,520
for the rest of the talk we'll reframe

582
00:22:57,669 --> 00:22:54,960
our question

583
00:22:59,270 --> 00:22:57,679
so instead we'll think about astronomers

584
00:23:01,190 --> 00:22:59,280
and astrophysicists

585
00:23:03,270 --> 00:23:01,200
versus astrologers

586
00:23:06,950 --> 00:23:03,280
and we'll try to answer the question of

587
00:23:09,430 --> 00:23:06,960
what they all do really

588
00:23:11,510 --> 00:23:09,440
so we'll proceed to answer this question

589
00:23:13,909 --> 00:23:11,520
with four steps

590
00:23:15,909 --> 00:23:13,919
we'll start by going through a brief

591
00:23:17,990 --> 00:23:15,919
history of human studying patterns in

592
00:23:19,750 --> 00:23:18,000
the night sky

593
00:23:21,909 --> 00:23:19,760
we'll talk about how then work

594
00:23:24,870 --> 00:23:21,919
transition to figuring out how celestial

595
00:23:26,710 --> 00:23:24,880
bodies move over time

596
00:23:29,270 --> 00:23:26,720
we'll talk about the divergence that we

597
00:23:31,350 --> 00:23:29,280
see in modern astronomy and astrophysics

598
00:23:32,870 --> 00:23:31,360
and astrology

599
00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:32,880
and finally i'll leave you with some

600
00:23:37,270 --> 00:23:34,960
more ways to explore the differences on

601
00:23:39,909 --> 00:23:37,280
your own that you can also feel free to

602
00:23:41,510 --> 00:23:39,919
share with other people as well

603
00:23:44,230 --> 00:23:41,520
but first we'll dive into our brief

604
00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:46,950
so for as long as humans have lived on

605
00:23:50,230 --> 00:23:47,840
earth

606
00:23:52,390 --> 00:23:50,240
we have archaeological records of people

607
00:23:54,230 --> 00:23:52,400
looking up at the sky and identifying

608
00:23:58,230 --> 00:23:54,240
patterns

609
00:23:59,590 --> 00:23:58,240
now this map of the world shows a red

610
00:24:01,269 --> 00:23:59,600
pin

611
00:24:04,870 --> 00:24:01,279
everywhere that we have really clear

612
00:24:07,269 --> 00:24:04,880
archaeological records of astronomical

613
00:24:09,269 --> 00:24:07,279
observation so if people

614
00:24:11,190 --> 00:24:09,279
taking pictures or sorry drawing

615
00:24:13,830 --> 00:24:11,200
pictures and taking note

616
00:24:16,710 --> 00:24:13,840
of what they saw in the night sky

617
00:24:18,870 --> 00:24:16,720
and we can see that these

618
00:24:21,029 --> 00:24:18,880
this work really spanned the entire

619
00:24:24,070 --> 00:24:21,039
globe everyone who could possibly be

620
00:24:25,830 --> 00:24:24,080
looking up was doing so

621
00:24:26,710 --> 00:24:25,840
and we have some really neat evidence of

622
00:24:31,110 --> 00:24:26,720
this

623
00:24:33,909 --> 00:24:31,120
looking at a slab that is currently on

624
00:24:36,149 --> 00:24:33,919
display at the british museum

625
00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:36,159
and this slab was discovered in what is

626
00:24:41,029 --> 00:24:38,320
currently the middle east

627
00:24:43,830 --> 00:24:41,039
and it dates back to babylonian times so

628
00:24:46,470 --> 00:24:43,840
about 2 000 years ago

629
00:24:49,029 --> 00:24:46,480
and the markings on this slab

630
00:24:50,789 --> 00:24:49,039
are actually a lunar eclipse table

631
00:24:52,630 --> 00:24:50,799
so this tells us that people in

632
00:24:55,510 --> 00:24:52,640
babylonian times

633
00:24:57,269 --> 00:24:55,520
were monitoring the lunar eclipses and

634
00:25:00,230 --> 00:24:57,279
they were making predictions about when

635
00:25:02,950 --> 00:25:00,240
those eclipses would occur again and

636
00:25:05,590 --> 00:25:02,960
this type of record again is found all

637
00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:05,600
over the globe so the earliest eclipse

638
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:09,360
records are date back to 4 000 to 4 500

639
00:25:14,950 --> 00:25:10,880
years ago people have been doing this

640
00:25:17,510 --> 00:25:14,960
for a really long time

641
00:25:19,029 --> 00:25:17,520
now in today's world of astronomy and

642
00:25:21,350 --> 00:25:19,039
astrophysics

643
00:25:24,230 --> 00:25:21,360
uh the international astronomical union

644
00:25:27,029 --> 00:25:24,240
recognizes a total of 88 constellations

645
00:25:29,430 --> 00:25:27,039
or 88 patterns in the sky and these are

646
00:25:30,789 --> 00:25:29,440
taken from greek and

647
00:25:33,350 --> 00:25:30,799
islamic

648
00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:33,360
astronomers

649
00:25:37,510 --> 00:25:35,600
now these 88 constellations that we

650
00:25:39,029 --> 00:25:37,520
recognize include the zodiac

651
00:25:41,190 --> 00:25:39,039
constellations

652
00:25:43,590 --> 00:25:41,200
so these you may recognize the names of

653
00:25:45,110 --> 00:25:43,600
some of these we have scorpius libra

654
00:25:49,190 --> 00:25:45,120
virgo leo

655
00:25:52,070 --> 00:25:49,200
cancer gemini taurus aries

656
00:25:54,830 --> 00:25:52,080
pisces aquarius capricornus and

657
00:25:58,470 --> 00:25:54,840
sagittarius

658
00:26:01,669 --> 00:25:58,480
now these zodiac constellations are very

659
00:26:04,470 --> 00:26:01,679
interesting because at the time that

660
00:26:07,110 --> 00:26:04,480
they were identified and mapped out

661
00:26:09,029 --> 00:26:07,120
people still thought that the sun

662
00:26:10,789 --> 00:26:09,039
actually traveled around the earth so

663
00:26:11,830 --> 00:26:10,799
that the earth was the center of the

664
00:26:15,990 --> 00:26:11,840
universe

665
00:26:17,830 --> 00:26:16,000
and everything else uh orbited around it

666
00:26:19,510 --> 00:26:17,840
and so from our vantage point on this

667
00:26:22,149 --> 00:26:19,520
stationary earth

668
00:26:24,710 --> 00:26:22,159
it looks as though the sun is taking a

669
00:26:25,590 --> 00:26:24,720
path across the night sky now we know

670
00:26:29,830 --> 00:26:25,600
that

671
00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:29,840
rotating on its axis so we're either

672
00:26:34,310 --> 00:26:32,320
facing towards the sun or away from it

673
00:26:36,710 --> 00:26:34,320
but at the time it looked like the sun

674
00:26:39,830 --> 00:26:36,720
was traveling across the sky

675
00:26:42,549 --> 00:26:39,840
and it appeared to change position um

676
00:26:45,830 --> 00:26:42,559
every sunrise with uh respect to these

677
00:26:47,909 --> 00:26:45,840
background zodiac constellations

678
00:26:49,590 --> 00:26:47,919
and so this these zodiac constellations

679
00:26:52,549 --> 00:26:49,600
played a really important role and they

680
00:26:53,669 --> 00:26:52,559
acted as a good reference point

681
00:26:55,590 --> 00:26:53,679
now i want to point out that we're

682
00:26:57,990 --> 00:26:55,600
looking at the greek and arabic

683
00:27:01,029 --> 00:26:58,000
constellations

684
00:27:03,669 --> 00:27:01,039
and we'll focus on scorpius for now

685
00:27:05,510 --> 00:27:03,679
it turns out that not all civilizations

686
00:27:08,070 --> 00:27:05,520
across the globe that we're tracking

687
00:27:10,070 --> 00:27:08,080
these patterns of stars in the sky

688
00:27:11,830 --> 00:27:10,080
interpreted the zodiac constellations in

689
00:27:14,789 --> 00:27:11,840
the same way

690
00:27:17,350 --> 00:27:14,799
now some did so for example astronomical

691
00:27:18,950 --> 00:27:17,360
records from the aztecs

692
00:27:23,909 --> 00:27:18,960
show that they also believe that

693
00:27:27,990 --> 00:27:26,149
but if we look at the constellations

694
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:28,000
that were identified by chinese

695
00:27:31,029 --> 00:27:29,600
astronomers

696
00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:31,039
we can see that they had a much

697
00:27:35,669 --> 00:27:33,120
different interpretation

698
00:27:37,590 --> 00:27:35,679
so scorpius was actually two

699
00:27:39,750 --> 00:27:37,600
constellations that were part of a much

700
00:27:41,830 --> 00:27:39,760
larger pattern in the sky called the

701
00:27:44,149 --> 00:27:41,840
azure dragon

702
00:27:47,430 --> 00:27:44,159
and the constellation scorpius one part

703
00:27:49,830 --> 00:27:47,440
made up the tail of the azure dragon

704
00:27:52,389 --> 00:27:49,840
and the other part was described as a

705
00:27:56,070 --> 00:27:52,399
changing room or a temple within a

706
00:27:57,510 --> 00:27:56,080
mansion of the azure dragon

707
00:27:59,990 --> 00:27:57,520
so we can see and this is something

708
00:28:01,269 --> 00:28:00,000
that's important to remember is that the

709
00:28:03,110 --> 00:28:01,279
patterns

710
00:28:05,029 --> 00:28:03,120
in these stars were interpreted very

711
00:28:07,430 --> 00:28:05,039
differently across the globe despite the

712
00:28:09,350 --> 00:28:07,440
fact that now we recognize this one

713
00:28:11,750 --> 00:28:09,360
fixed system so just something to keep

714
00:28:15,269 --> 00:28:13,430
but at the time

715
00:28:17,269 --> 00:28:15,279
astronomy and astrology were really the

716
00:28:19,430 --> 00:28:17,279
same thing

717
00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:19,440
and so people were able to use these

718
00:28:24,070 --> 00:28:21,600
zodiac constellations as well as lunar

719
00:28:27,909 --> 00:28:24,080
and solar eclipses as really useful

720
00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:27,919
references for the passage of time

721
00:28:31,190 --> 00:28:29,440
and astronomy

722
00:28:33,269 --> 00:28:31,200
astronomers and astrologers had a really

723
00:28:34,950 --> 00:28:33,279
important role at this time

724
00:28:36,630 --> 00:28:34,960
because it was their job to make

725
00:28:39,830 --> 00:28:36,640
predictions about lunar and solar

726
00:28:41,830 --> 00:28:39,840
eclipses and it was also their job to

727
00:28:43,830 --> 00:28:41,840
alert everyone to when for example the

728
00:28:44,710 --> 00:28:43,840
harvest season was coming or when there

729
00:28:46,149 --> 00:28:44,720
would be

730
00:28:47,750 --> 00:28:46,159
when we could expect to have more

731
00:28:50,710 --> 00:28:47,760
consistent warm weather and so in an

732
00:28:53,269 --> 00:28:50,720
agrarian society this was really really

733
00:28:56,070 --> 00:28:53,279
important information

734
00:28:58,070 --> 00:28:56,080
now of course there are stories of some

735
00:29:01,029 --> 00:28:58,080
ancient rulers using astrologers for

736
00:29:02,630 --> 00:29:01,039
more nefarious purposes so for example

737
00:29:04,389 --> 00:29:02,640
making predictions about when they

738
00:29:07,750 --> 00:29:04,399
should go to war

739
00:29:09,430 --> 00:29:07,760
um or when a ruler should be

740
00:29:12,149 --> 00:29:09,440
removed from the throne because they

741
00:29:13,909 --> 00:29:12,159
were abusing their power

742
00:29:14,950 --> 00:29:13,919
and it was very treacherous back then

743
00:29:16,470 --> 00:29:14,960
because people would kill their

744
00:29:18,789 --> 00:29:16,480
astrologers if they made predictions

745
00:29:20,549 --> 00:29:18,799
that were wrong or unfavorable

746
00:29:22,630 --> 00:29:20,559
but for many for

747
00:29:25,190 --> 00:29:22,640
a long long time this is what astronomy

748
00:29:27,669 --> 00:29:25,200
and astrology were

749
00:29:29,750 --> 00:29:27,679
and some of the seasons are still

750
00:29:32,710 --> 00:29:29,760
celebrated at different times across the

751
00:29:35,510 --> 00:29:32,720
globe so for example chinese new year is

752
00:29:37,190 --> 00:29:35,520
still celebrated uh in february at the

753
00:29:40,630 --> 00:29:37,200
beginning of february

754
00:29:43,909 --> 00:29:40,640
and so this marks the time uh two

755
00:29:47,990 --> 00:29:43,919
two lunar cycles after the 11th month of

756
00:29:50,070 --> 00:29:48,000
the year so it falls in early february

757
00:29:52,149 --> 00:29:50,080
my family is sri lankan and so in april

758
00:29:55,190 --> 00:29:52,159
we celebrate the tamil and sinhalese new

759
00:29:58,310 --> 00:29:55,200
years and so this marks the start of the

760
00:29:59,909 --> 00:29:58,320
harvest and planting season

761
00:30:02,470 --> 00:29:59,919
and it

762
00:30:04,549 --> 00:30:02,480
is celebrated on the first new moon

763
00:30:06,549 --> 00:30:04,559
after the sun

764
00:30:08,470 --> 00:30:06,559
moves from rising in the constellation

765
00:30:09,830 --> 00:30:08,480
pisces to rising in the constellation

766
00:30:11,909 --> 00:30:09,840
aries

767
00:30:13,669 --> 00:30:11,919
and finally we're actually right in the

768
00:30:15,750 --> 00:30:13,679
middle of rosh hashanah or the jewish

769
00:30:17,830 --> 00:30:15,760
new year which is celebrated at the

770
00:30:18,950 --> 00:30:17,840
beginning of september

771
00:30:20,950 --> 00:30:18,960
and so

772
00:30:24,789 --> 00:30:20,960
our seasons and our celebrations are

773
00:30:26,149 --> 00:30:24,799
very much marked by the transition of

774
00:30:29,510 --> 00:30:26,159
sunrise through these different

775
00:30:33,190 --> 00:30:31,350
so this is our history right this is how

776
00:30:35,510 --> 00:30:33,200
humans first started to study these

777
00:30:37,430 --> 00:30:35,520
patterns in the sky

778
00:30:40,950 --> 00:30:37,440
but of course we always want to know

779
00:30:43,269 --> 00:30:40,960
more and the universe is always changing

780
00:30:45,750 --> 00:30:43,279
and doing something new and so new

781
00:30:47,590 --> 00:30:45,760
information started to come to light

782
00:30:53,269 --> 00:30:47,600
that helps people get a better sense of

783
00:30:58,630 --> 00:30:56,789
now heading into the 1500s

784
00:30:59,990 --> 00:30:58,640
copernicus

785
00:31:02,789 --> 00:31:00,000
started to

786
00:31:05,350 --> 00:31:02,799
work out the details of what we now call

787
00:31:07,909 --> 00:31:05,360
the heliocentric model

788
00:31:10,149 --> 00:31:07,919
so remember prior to this work people

789
00:31:11,669 --> 00:31:10,159
believed that the earth was the center

790
00:31:14,310 --> 00:31:11,679
of the universe

791
00:31:17,190 --> 00:31:14,320
and the sun orbited around the earth and

792
00:31:18,789 --> 00:31:17,200
everything else moved around the earth

793
00:31:21,269 --> 00:31:18,799
but copernicus

794
00:31:24,549 --> 00:31:21,279
and another philosopher long before him

795
00:31:27,190 --> 00:31:24,559
thought about this as well independently

796
00:31:28,950 --> 00:31:27,200
copernicus formulated our model that we

797
00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:28,960
now know to be correct

798
00:31:32,630 --> 00:31:30,960
where we have the sun at the center of

799
00:31:34,630 --> 00:31:32,640
the solar system

800
00:31:36,630 --> 00:31:34,640
and the earth and all the other planets

801
00:31:38,950 --> 00:31:36,640
orbit around it

802
00:31:40,710 --> 00:31:38,960
now this was controversial at the time

803
00:31:43,509 --> 00:31:40,720
because it went against the grain of

804
00:31:45,830 --> 00:31:43,519
what people had believed for a very long

805
00:31:48,470 --> 00:31:45,840
time and so copernicus was naturally

806
00:31:50,870 --> 00:31:48,480
very hesitant to publish

807
00:31:52,630 --> 00:31:50,880
but he received a letter from the

808
00:31:54,710 --> 00:31:52,640
cardinal of kapua and i'm showing a

809
00:31:56,149 --> 00:31:54,720
translated clip here we'll read through

810
00:31:58,389 --> 00:31:56,159
it

811
00:31:59,269 --> 00:31:58,399
and the cardinal wrote to copernicus and

812
00:32:01,430 --> 00:31:59,279
said

813
00:32:03,430 --> 00:32:01,440
some years ago word reached me

814
00:32:06,310 --> 00:32:03,440
concerning your proficiency

815
00:32:08,870 --> 00:32:06,320
of which everybody constantly spoke

816
00:32:10,230 --> 00:32:08,880
at that time i began to have a very high

817
00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:10,240
regard for you

818
00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:11,840
and also to congratulate our

819
00:32:15,590 --> 00:32:13,760
contemporaries among whom you enjoyed

820
00:32:17,269 --> 00:32:15,600
such great prestige

821
00:32:19,029 --> 00:32:17,279
for i had learned that you had not

822
00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:19,039
merely mastered the discoveries of the

823
00:32:25,430 --> 00:32:21,760
ancient astronomers uncommonly well

824
00:32:28,389 --> 00:32:25,440
but had also formulated a new cosmology

825
00:32:30,549 --> 00:32:28,399
in it you maintain that the earth moves

826
00:32:33,350 --> 00:32:30,559
that the sun occupies the lowest and

827
00:32:34,870 --> 00:32:33,360
thus the central place in the universe

828
00:32:37,430 --> 00:32:34,880
that the eighth heaven remain

829
00:32:39,029 --> 00:32:37,440
perpetually motionless and fixed

830
00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:39,039
and that together with the elements

831
00:32:44,470 --> 00:32:42,000
included in its sphere the moon situated

832
00:32:46,789 --> 00:32:44,480
between the heavens of mars and venus

833
00:32:48,470 --> 00:32:46,799
revolves around the sun in the period of

834
00:32:50,230 --> 00:32:48,480
a year

835
00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:50,240
and he goes on to give copernicus a

836
00:32:55,350 --> 00:32:52,960
little bit more flattering and concludes

837
00:32:57,990 --> 00:32:55,360
uh by saying therefore

838
00:33:00,149 --> 00:32:58,000
with the utmost earnestness i entreat

839
00:33:01,669 --> 00:33:00,159
you most learned sir unless i

840
00:33:03,750 --> 00:33:01,679
inconvenience you

841
00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:03,760
to communicate this discovery of yours

842
00:33:07,990 --> 00:33:06,240
to scholars and at the earliest possible

843
00:33:10,310 --> 00:33:08,000
moment to send me your writings on the

844
00:33:12,070 --> 00:33:10,320
sphere of the universe together with

845
00:33:15,669 --> 00:33:12,080
whatever tables and whatever else you

846
00:33:17,590 --> 00:33:15,679
have that is relevant to this subject

847
00:33:20,710 --> 00:33:17,600
and so people were very interested there

848
00:33:23,350 --> 00:33:20,720
was a lot of interest in this idea of a

849
00:33:25,110 --> 00:33:23,360
heliocentric model of the universe and

850
00:33:27,190 --> 00:33:25,120
we now know that you know the sun is not

851
00:33:28,950 --> 00:33:27,200
the center of the universe but this was

852
00:33:30,870 --> 00:33:28,960
really revolutionary thinking at the

853
00:33:33,190 --> 00:33:30,880
time that people were excited about and

854
00:33:35,350 --> 00:33:33,200
so the wheels were starting to turn

855
00:33:37,190 --> 00:33:35,360
that maybe the patterns of motion seen

856
00:33:42,789 --> 00:33:37,200
in the night sky were not quite what

857
00:33:49,350 --> 00:33:46,389
then we come to the year 1572

858
00:33:51,909 --> 00:33:49,360
and the astronomer and astrologer tycho

859
00:33:54,230 --> 00:33:51,919
brahe identifies something very

860
00:33:55,909 --> 00:33:54,240
interesting in the sky

861
00:33:57,750 --> 00:33:55,919
so he was looking at the constellation

862
00:34:01,029 --> 00:33:57,760
cassiopeia

863
00:34:04,230 --> 00:34:01,039
and noticed in 1572 that all of a sudden

864
00:34:06,789 --> 00:34:04,240
a very bright new star or nova

865
00:34:08,869 --> 00:34:06,799
appeared in the sky

866
00:34:10,950 --> 00:34:08,879
now we're looking at this we now know

867
00:34:13,190 --> 00:34:10,960
that this was a supernova

868
00:34:14,389 --> 00:34:13,200
and when we point our x-ray telescopes

869
00:34:17,270 --> 00:34:14,399
at it we see

870
00:34:19,909 --> 00:34:17,280
these this beautiful remnant gas and

871
00:34:22,149 --> 00:34:19,919
this is very hot ionized material that

872
00:34:24,389 --> 00:34:22,159
produces x-rays that we can collect at

873
00:34:26,230 --> 00:34:24,399
our telescopes here

874
00:34:28,310 --> 00:34:26,240
but at the time you know tycho brah he

875
00:34:31,829 --> 00:34:28,320
did not have an x-ray telescope

876
00:34:34,069 --> 00:34:31,839
and so he just saw this bright spot

877
00:34:35,430 --> 00:34:34,079
now this was really remarkable because

878
00:34:37,109 --> 00:34:35,440
the bright spot

879
00:34:40,389 --> 00:34:37,119
was actually more comparable in

880
00:34:43,270 --> 00:34:40,399
brightness to the planets than it was to

881
00:34:45,190 --> 00:34:43,280
the background stars

882
00:34:46,790 --> 00:34:45,200
and we saw that the cardinal mentioned

883
00:34:48,710 --> 00:34:46,800
something called the eighth heaven in

884
00:34:50,710 --> 00:34:48,720
his letter to kepler

885
00:34:53,109 --> 00:34:50,720
that was the term that was used at the

886
00:34:55,829 --> 00:34:53,119
time for the background stars that were

887
00:34:58,069 --> 00:34:55,839
much fainter than this new star that had

888
00:34:59,109 --> 00:34:58,079
appeared

889
00:35:01,670 --> 00:34:59,119
and so

890
00:35:03,190 --> 00:35:01,680
the appearance of this bright star was

891
00:35:05,510 --> 00:35:03,200
very interesting

892
00:35:07,750 --> 00:35:05,520
because up until this point people had

893
00:35:10,950 --> 00:35:07,760
thought that the eighth heaven or those

894
00:35:13,990 --> 00:35:10,960
fixed background stars didn't change

895
00:35:15,030 --> 00:35:14,000
that they just remained constant

896
00:35:17,589 --> 00:35:15,040
and

897
00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:17,599
nothing new would ever happen

898
00:35:22,950 --> 00:35:19,920
and so the appearance of this bright new

899
00:35:24,550 --> 00:35:22,960
star was really something remarkable

900
00:35:26,470 --> 00:35:24,560
um and other people were able to notice

901
00:35:28,950 --> 00:35:26,480
it too but taekworah he was really known

902
00:35:31,829 --> 00:35:28,960
for being a very careful recorder of

903
00:35:33,430 --> 00:35:31,839
observations and so

904
00:35:38,069 --> 00:35:33,440
he was really the one who kind of

905
00:35:38,950 --> 00:35:38,079
pioneered the work on this new nova

906
00:35:42,069 --> 00:35:38,960
now

907
00:35:43,829 --> 00:35:42,079
about 30 years later

908
00:35:45,829 --> 00:35:43,839
another new star appeared in the night

909
00:35:48,150 --> 00:35:45,839
sky and this time

910
00:35:49,990 --> 00:35:48,160
kepler was the person to monitor it very

911
00:35:51,589 --> 00:35:50,000
carefully now kepler is not necessarily

912
00:35:53,270 --> 00:35:51,599
the person who first discovered this

913
00:35:55,510 --> 00:35:53,280
bright new star

914
00:35:56,630 --> 00:35:55,520
a lot of other people had seen it as

915
00:35:58,710 --> 00:35:56,640
well

916
00:36:01,829 --> 00:35:58,720
but kepler played a very important role

917
00:36:04,550 --> 00:36:01,839
here because at the time in 1604

918
00:36:06,550 --> 00:36:04,560
he was working as a mathematician and

919
00:36:08,870 --> 00:36:06,560
astronomer and astrologer

920
00:36:10,870 --> 00:36:08,880
in service to the emperor

921
00:36:13,030 --> 00:36:10,880
and so it was really important for him

922
00:36:14,710 --> 00:36:13,040
to provide some interpretation of what

923
00:36:17,910 --> 00:36:14,720
was happening in the skies right this

924
00:36:20,069 --> 00:36:17,920
was his job he was very important

925
00:36:21,910 --> 00:36:20,079
and here of course we are looking at a

926
00:36:24,150 --> 00:36:21,920
beautiful hubble image

927
00:36:26,390 --> 00:36:24,160
of what is colloquially known as kepler

928
00:36:28,550 --> 00:36:26,400
supernova this was actually

929
00:36:32,150 --> 00:36:28,560
put together by taken and put together

930
00:36:33,829 --> 00:36:32,160
by scientists here at space telescope

931
00:36:36,630 --> 00:36:33,839
but at the time again this just looked

932
00:36:37,430 --> 00:36:36,640
like a bright star

933
00:36:39,510 --> 00:36:37,440
now

934
00:36:42,470 --> 00:36:39,520
the appearance of this new star happened

935
00:36:43,829 --> 00:36:42,480
to come at a very interesting time

936
00:36:46,310 --> 00:36:43,839
uh because

937
00:36:49,670 --> 00:36:46,320
at the time astronomers and astrologers

938
00:36:51,589 --> 00:36:49,680
were noticing that the planets jupiter

939
00:36:54,230 --> 00:36:51,599
saturn and mars

940
00:36:58,550 --> 00:36:54,240
appeared very close together in the sky

941
00:37:00,310 --> 00:36:58,560
and so this was known as a conjunction

942
00:37:02,870 --> 00:37:00,320
and so kepler's interpretation which

943
00:37:05,670 --> 00:37:02,880
again has been translated here

944
00:37:07,750 --> 00:37:05,680
was that the star significance is a

945
00:37:10,470 --> 00:37:07,760
difficult matter to establish

946
00:37:12,790 --> 00:37:10,480
and we can be sure of only one thing

947
00:37:14,790 --> 00:37:12,800
that either the star signifies nothing

948
00:37:17,190 --> 00:37:14,800
at all for mankind

949
00:37:19,750 --> 00:37:17,200
or it signifies something of such

950
00:37:22,950 --> 00:37:19,760
exalted importance that it is beyond the

951
00:37:25,270 --> 00:37:22,960
grasp and understanding of any man

952
00:37:28,230 --> 00:37:25,280
this star is so far above all the

953
00:37:30,390 --> 00:37:28,240
planets that from its position according

954
00:37:32,550 --> 00:37:30,400
to the teaching of copernicus

955
00:37:33,829 --> 00:37:32,560
not only would the bodies of the planets

956
00:37:36,069 --> 00:37:33,839
be invisible

957
00:37:38,069 --> 00:37:36,079
but even their whole orbital spheres

958
00:37:39,430 --> 00:37:38,079
would appear as small as very faint

959
00:37:41,589 --> 00:37:39,440
stars

960
00:37:43,670 --> 00:37:41,599
therefore from all the astrologers can

961
00:37:45,670 --> 00:37:43,680
tell us and from all we know about the

962
00:37:48,630 --> 00:37:45,680
great conjunction of saturn jupiter and

963
00:37:51,190 --> 00:37:48,640
mars we can deduce nothing at all about

964
00:37:53,349 --> 00:37:51,200
the flaring up of the star or about its

965
00:37:55,829 --> 00:37:53,359
substance

966
00:37:57,190 --> 00:37:55,839
now this is a little bit of a confusing

967
00:37:59,270 --> 00:37:57,200
interpretation so we're going to break

968
00:38:01,030 --> 00:37:59,280
it down a little bit

969
00:38:03,270 --> 00:38:01,040
now because

970
00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:03,280
this new star was so bright again it was

971
00:38:07,670 --> 00:38:05,440
closer in brightness to the planets than

972
00:38:09,910 --> 00:38:07,680
the background stars

973
00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:09,920
uh astrologers at the time were

974
00:38:14,550 --> 00:38:11,440
interpreting it as something that had

975
00:38:16,550 --> 00:38:14,560
been manifested by the planets

976
00:38:19,109 --> 00:38:16,560
but kepler was very clever

977
00:38:21,190 --> 00:38:19,119
when he was looking at the motions of

978
00:38:24,150 --> 00:38:21,200
things in the sky through the night

979
00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:24,160
he noticed that this new star

980
00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:26,480
actually didn't move

981
00:38:31,349 --> 00:38:28,800
and so he realized that if it were

982
00:38:33,910 --> 00:38:31,359
really associated with the planets

983
00:38:36,950 --> 00:38:33,920
it would maybe move faster through the

984
00:38:38,870 --> 00:38:36,960
night sky at the same speed that we see

985
00:38:40,470 --> 00:38:38,880
the planets and the moon moving over

986
00:38:42,150 --> 00:38:40,480
time

987
00:38:43,109 --> 00:38:42,160
and so he

988
00:38:45,349 --> 00:38:43,119
thought

989
00:38:47,349 --> 00:38:45,359
that this bright new star was probably

990
00:38:49,510 --> 00:38:47,359
further away

991
00:38:51,430 --> 00:38:49,520
than the planets and the moon which is

992
00:38:53,510 --> 00:38:51,440
why he says here you know not only would

993
00:38:55,190 --> 00:38:53,520
the bodies of the planets be invisible

994
00:38:56,950 --> 00:38:55,200
but even their whole orbital spheres

995
00:38:59,430 --> 00:38:56,960
would appear as small as very faint

996
00:39:01,990 --> 00:38:59,440
stars so he built on the work of

997
00:39:03,990 --> 00:39:02,000
copernicus and was able to do a little

998
00:39:07,030 --> 00:39:04,000
bit of interpretation of this new star

999
00:39:07,829 --> 00:39:07,040
in that heliocentric framework

1000
00:39:10,150 --> 00:39:07,839
okay

1001
00:39:12,069 --> 00:39:10,160
so the pieces are very slowly starting

1002
00:39:14,550 --> 00:39:12,079
to come together people are starting to

1003
00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:14,560
learn some new things about how objects

1004
00:39:20,710 --> 00:39:17,280
move through the sky

1005
00:39:23,030 --> 00:39:20,720
and then in 1610 galileo made a very

1006
00:39:25,190 --> 00:39:23,040
interesting discovery

1007
00:39:26,470 --> 00:39:25,200
so galileo pointed his telescope at

1008
00:39:28,310 --> 00:39:26,480
jupiter

1009
00:39:31,510 --> 00:39:28,320
and this picture that we're looking at

1010
00:39:33,510 --> 00:39:31,520
here is actually taken from his

1011
00:39:35,270 --> 00:39:33,520
uh observations log from the night that

1012
00:39:37,670 --> 00:39:35,280
he was looking at jupiter

1013
00:39:39,910 --> 00:39:37,680
so he made a lot of drawings and he drew

1014
00:39:42,630 --> 00:39:39,920
jupiter at this pinwheel thing that is

1015
00:39:44,790 --> 00:39:42,640
this pinwheel thing that we see here

1016
00:39:47,910 --> 00:39:44,800
and when he first looked at jupiter he

1017
00:39:51,190 --> 00:39:47,920
also noticed three much fainter points

1018
00:39:53,030 --> 00:39:51,200
of light that were all in a row

1019
00:39:55,030 --> 00:39:53,040
and he noticed that as he monitored

1020
00:39:57,829 --> 00:39:55,040
these this system over the course of the

1021
00:40:00,310 --> 00:39:57,839
night the three fainter dots changed

1022
00:40:02,390 --> 00:40:00,320
position so for example here they were

1023
00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:02,400
all three in a row on once on the right

1024
00:40:06,230 --> 00:40:04,240
hand side of the planet

1025
00:40:07,990 --> 00:40:06,240
then later there were two on one side of

1026
00:40:10,790 --> 00:40:08,000
the planet and a third on the right hand

1027
00:40:12,790 --> 00:40:10,800
side and so on and eventually a fourth

1028
00:40:15,349 --> 00:40:12,800
dot appeared

1029
00:40:17,829 --> 00:40:15,359
so we now know that these are the four

1030
00:40:19,430 --> 00:40:17,839
biggest moons of jupiter that galileo

1031
00:40:21,829 --> 00:40:19,440
had discovered which is why we call them

1032
00:40:23,829 --> 00:40:21,839
the galilean moons

1033
00:40:25,270 --> 00:40:23,839
and this was extremely exciting first of

1034
00:40:28,150 --> 00:40:25,280
all it's always very exciting to

1035
00:40:30,710 --> 00:40:28,160
discover moons that's a big deal

1036
00:40:31,750 --> 00:40:30,720
but it also really provided conclusive

1037
00:40:34,230 --> 00:40:31,760
evidence

1038
00:40:36,630 --> 00:40:34,240
that objects could orbit

1039
00:40:39,190 --> 00:40:36,640
other things that were not the earth

1040
00:40:40,710 --> 00:40:39,200
so if the moons could orbit jupiter then

1041
00:40:43,109 --> 00:40:40,720
maybe everything didn't have to go

1042
00:40:47,190 --> 00:40:43,119
around the earth and this provided some

1043
00:40:49,030 --> 00:40:47,200
further support for copernicus's idea of

1044
00:40:50,950 --> 00:40:49,040
a heliocentric

1045
00:40:53,670 --> 00:40:50,960
universe

1046
00:40:55,190 --> 00:40:53,680
now jupiter's moons are still something

1047
00:40:57,109 --> 00:40:55,200
that are one of my favorite things to

1048
00:40:58,630 --> 00:40:57,119
observe in the night sky and actually

1049
00:40:59,910 --> 00:40:58,640
there's a very dorky photo of me

1050
00:41:03,030 --> 00:40:59,920
floating around somewhere on the

1051
00:41:04,790 --> 00:41:03,040
internet um looking at this manuscript

1052
00:41:07,030 --> 00:41:04,800
because it's on display in the library

1053
00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:07,040
at the university of michigan

1054
00:41:10,309 --> 00:41:08,640
but when observing knights are able to

1055
00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:10,319
start up again

1056
00:41:14,870 --> 00:41:12,480
you can look at jupiter

1057
00:41:16,390 --> 00:41:14,880
and you can see the dots for yourself

1058
00:41:18,550 --> 00:41:16,400
and if you come back you know maybe an

1059
00:41:20,630 --> 00:41:18,560
hour or two hours later you can see how

1060
00:41:22,790 --> 00:41:20,640
the dots change and so you can you know

1061
00:41:24,390 --> 00:41:22,800
pretend to be galileo and make some of

1062
00:41:25,670 --> 00:41:24,400
these observations yourself it's great

1063
00:41:27,430 --> 00:41:25,680
fun

1064
00:41:28,950 --> 00:41:27,440
okay so the wheels are turning and

1065
00:41:31,829 --> 00:41:28,960
people are starting to realize that

1066
00:41:33,750 --> 00:41:31,839
maybe this idea of copernicus's has some

1067
00:41:36,390 --> 00:41:33,760
merit

1068
00:41:39,349 --> 00:41:36,400
and then finally newton came along

1069
00:41:40,790 --> 00:41:39,359
um and presented his law of universal

1070
00:41:42,870 --> 00:41:40,800
gravitation

1071
00:41:45,829 --> 00:41:42,880
that stated that everything in the

1072
00:41:49,030 --> 00:41:45,839
universe was gravitationally bound

1073
00:41:51,750 --> 00:41:49,040
and so this meant that the planets were

1074
00:41:53,670 --> 00:41:51,760
gravitationally bound to the sun

1075
00:41:55,349 --> 00:41:53,680
jupiter's moons were gravitationally

1076
00:41:57,510 --> 00:41:55,359
bound to jupiter

1077
00:41:59,750 --> 00:41:57,520
and this is what caused the planets to

1078
00:42:01,910 --> 00:41:59,760
travel around the sun

1079
00:42:03,510 --> 00:42:01,920
and this was this fit very nicely with

1080
00:42:06,150 --> 00:42:03,520
kepler's laws

1081
00:42:08,710 --> 00:42:06,160
because kepler had also discovered that

1082
00:42:10,630 --> 00:42:08,720
the planets much closer to the sun

1083
00:42:12,630 --> 00:42:10,640
would take less time to go all the way

1084
00:42:14,309 --> 00:42:12,640
around it while the planets further away

1085
00:42:15,910 --> 00:42:14,319
would take more time

1086
00:42:18,230 --> 00:42:15,920
so the puzzle pieces really came

1087
00:42:21,030 --> 00:42:18,240
together and this is really where it

1088
00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:21,040
became clear that astronomy and physics

1089
00:42:26,309 --> 00:42:24,240
are very intricately linked

1090
00:42:28,710 --> 00:42:26,319
and so from this point the field started

1091
00:42:31,349 --> 00:42:28,720
to branch off um astrology started to

1092
00:42:33,349 --> 00:42:31,359
fall out of favor and astronomy and

1093
00:42:36,630 --> 00:42:33,359
physics were pursued more closely

1094
00:42:40,309 --> 00:42:38,309
now i told you that we were going to

1095
00:42:42,230 --> 00:42:40,319
talk about the diverseness in modern

1096
00:42:44,230 --> 00:42:42,240
astronomy and astrophysics and astrology

1097
00:42:45,510 --> 00:42:44,240
because we're seeing that astrology

1098
00:42:48,470 --> 00:42:45,520
still

1099
00:42:50,550 --> 00:42:48,480
is something that appears in our modern

1100
00:42:51,829 --> 00:42:50,560
lives today

1101
00:42:53,510 --> 00:42:51,839
and you'll also

1102
00:42:55,190 --> 00:42:53,520
notice that when we come back to our

1103
00:42:58,309 --> 00:42:55,200
original question

1104
00:43:00,390 --> 00:42:58,319
i asked this in present tense so

1105
00:43:03,589 --> 00:43:00,400
astronomers and astrophysicists versus

1106
00:43:06,470 --> 00:43:03,599
astrologers what do they all do really

1107
00:43:08,150 --> 00:43:06,480
not what did they all do

1108
00:43:10,069 --> 00:43:08,160
now we can answer this question by

1109
00:43:11,030 --> 00:43:10,079
thinking about some recent celestial

1110
00:43:13,589 --> 00:43:11,040
events

1111
00:43:16,630 --> 00:43:13,599
and so for example we can pretend that

1112
00:43:18,790 --> 00:43:16,640
we're kepler but many many years later

1113
00:43:21,670 --> 00:43:18,800
and we can think about the great

1114
00:43:23,829 --> 00:43:21,680
conjunction of jupiter and saturn

1115
00:43:24,829 --> 00:43:23,839
now this was something that happened in

1116
00:43:27,430 --> 00:43:24,839
december

1117
00:43:29,750 --> 00:43:27,440
2020 and this picture was taken from

1118
00:43:31,670 --> 00:43:29,760
just down the road from us in baltimore

1119
00:43:33,750 --> 00:43:31,680
in murray virginia

1120
00:43:36,309 --> 00:43:33,760
and we can see this really bright spot

1121
00:43:38,790 --> 00:43:36,319
in the image this is the planet jupiter

1122
00:43:42,309 --> 00:43:38,800
and the fainter spot is the planet

1123
00:43:44,470 --> 00:43:42,319
saturn the planet saturn

1124
00:43:47,589 --> 00:43:44,480
now the great conjunction happened when

1125
00:43:49,510 --> 00:43:47,599
it looked like jupiter and saturn were

1126
00:43:51,109 --> 00:43:49,520
meeting in the sky

1127
00:43:52,870 --> 00:43:51,119
uh and everybody was really excited

1128
00:43:54,069 --> 00:43:52,880
about it i know all of my neighbors were

1129
00:43:55,430 --> 00:43:54,079
out and about trying to figure out how

1130
00:43:57,750 --> 00:43:55,440
to watch it

1131
00:43:59,430 --> 00:43:57,760
unfortunately here in baltimore it was

1132
00:44:01,030 --> 00:43:59,440
really cloudy and rainy

1133
00:44:02,390 --> 00:44:01,040
at the time of the conjunction so i

1134
00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:02,400
didn't get to see it in person but it

1135
00:44:05,829 --> 00:44:03,920
was really cool to see everybody's

1136
00:44:08,230 --> 00:44:05,839
pictures

1137
00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:08,240
now in the in the weeks and months

1138
00:44:12,230 --> 00:44:10,240
leading up to the conjunction

1139
00:44:13,670 --> 00:44:12,240
there were astrology headlines

1140
00:44:15,829 --> 00:44:13,680
everywhere

1141
00:44:18,069 --> 00:44:15,839
and the astrologers were assigning

1142
00:44:20,470 --> 00:44:18,079
importance to the conjunction itself and

1143
00:44:22,150 --> 00:44:20,480
using it to predict human behavior

1144
00:44:24,230 --> 00:44:22,160
so for example there were headlines

1145
00:44:25,910 --> 00:44:24,240
declaring that the biggest astrological

1146
00:44:27,670 --> 00:44:25,920
event of our lifetime would arrive on

1147
00:44:29,510 --> 00:44:27,680
december 21st

1148
00:44:31,910 --> 00:44:29,520
and people were offering predictions

1149
00:44:35,270 --> 00:44:31,920
about how this might impact somebody's

1150
00:44:36,710 --> 00:44:35,280
career or love life or more

1151
00:44:38,630 --> 00:44:36,720
people were asking whether this was the

1152
00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:38,640
age of aquarius and trying to understand

1153
00:44:42,230 --> 00:44:40,720
what it meant that the conjunction had

1154
00:44:43,910 --> 00:44:42,240
shown up

1155
00:44:45,829 --> 00:44:43,920
uh and people were also making

1156
00:44:48,470 --> 00:44:45,839
predictions about more large-scale

1157
00:44:50,950 --> 00:44:48,480
things that might happen in society um

1158
00:44:52,870 --> 00:44:50,960
so for example this german astrologer

1159
00:44:54,790 --> 00:44:52,880
randy rosenbaum said

1160
00:44:56,470 --> 00:44:54,800
people are saying that this is the same

1161
00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:56,480
alignment that happened when jesus was

1162
00:44:59,430 --> 00:44:57,520
born

1163
00:45:00,790 --> 00:44:59,440
i have been hoping for a second coming

1164
00:45:03,109 --> 00:45:00,800
of christ to polish off the end of the

1165
00:45:05,030 --> 00:45:03,119
year but living in the 21st century i

1166
00:45:07,270 --> 00:45:05,040
speculate this can look like an alien

1167
00:45:08,790 --> 00:45:07,280
invasion it's always been omen in

1168
00:45:11,270 --> 00:45:08,800
astrology

1169
00:45:13,750 --> 00:45:11,280
and so we can see that these predictions

1170
00:45:15,190 --> 00:45:13,760
varied pretty wildly so the astrologers

1171
00:45:18,710 --> 00:45:15,200
were

1172
00:45:20,470 --> 00:45:18,720
knew that the conjunction was coming

1173
00:45:22,230 --> 00:45:20,480
and then used it to make some

1174
00:45:24,470 --> 00:45:22,240
predictions about what what might happen

1175
00:45:26,710 --> 00:45:24,480
to individual people and society as a

1176
00:45:28,950 --> 00:45:26,720
whole

1177
00:45:31,030 --> 00:45:28,960
now astronomers and astrophysicists like

1178
00:45:33,510 --> 00:45:31,040
myself and like my colleagues at the

1179
00:45:35,910 --> 00:45:33,520
space telescope science institute

1180
00:45:37,190 --> 00:45:35,920
don't assign meaning to the conjunction

1181
00:45:40,470 --> 00:45:37,200
itself

1182
00:45:43,030 --> 00:45:40,480
um instead you know we know from the

1183
00:45:46,069 --> 00:45:43,040
from the work of kepler and newton

1184
00:45:49,750 --> 00:45:46,079
that this alignment happens because the

1185
00:45:51,349 --> 00:45:49,760
orbital paths of jupiter and saturn

1186
00:45:52,870 --> 00:45:51,359
make it so that it looks like the

1187
00:45:53,750 --> 00:45:52,880
planets are passing in front of each

1188
00:45:56,309 --> 00:45:53,760
other

1189
00:45:58,470 --> 00:45:56,319
when in reality saturn is much farther

1190
00:46:01,510 --> 00:45:58,480
away than jupiter and so it's just it's

1191
00:46:03,270 --> 00:46:01,520
an optical effect that it appears like

1192
00:46:05,030 --> 00:46:03,280
the two planets are meeting in the night

1193
00:46:07,270 --> 00:46:05,040
sky

1194
00:46:08,710 --> 00:46:07,280
uh but we're still very interested in

1195
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:08,720
jupiter and saturn they're really

1196
00:46:12,550 --> 00:46:10,800
interesting giant planets

1197
00:46:14,550 --> 00:46:12,560
and we're also very interested in

1198
00:46:16,309 --> 00:46:14,560
looking at their moons

1199
00:46:18,870 --> 00:46:16,319
so for example this is a really

1200
00:46:21,109 --> 00:46:18,880
beautiful image that was taken this july

1201
00:46:23,670 --> 00:46:21,119
by the juno spacecraft

1202
00:46:25,589 --> 00:46:23,680
and this is a picture of jupiter's moon

1203
00:46:27,750 --> 00:46:25,599
ganymede so this is one of the galilean

1204
00:46:29,190 --> 00:46:27,760
moons that galileo first noticed in his

1205
00:46:31,670 --> 00:46:29,200
telescope

1206
00:46:33,750 --> 00:46:31,680
now uh this picture is much more

1207
00:46:34,870 --> 00:46:33,760
detailed than what galileo was able to

1208
00:46:37,349 --> 00:46:34,880
draw

1209
00:46:39,109 --> 00:46:37,359
and this is because it was taken by the

1210
00:46:42,309 --> 00:46:39,119
juno spacecraft

1211
00:46:45,030 --> 00:46:42,319
now juno was launched in 2011 and took

1212
00:46:47,670 --> 00:46:45,040
five years to get to jupiter

1213
00:46:48,630 --> 00:46:47,680
uh and it took this picture again in

1214
00:46:50,790 --> 00:46:48,640
july

1215
00:46:53,349 --> 00:46:50,800
in infrared light and so we're

1216
00:46:56,230 --> 00:46:53,359
essentially seeing the the heat that's

1217
00:46:58,309 --> 00:46:56,240
coming off of this icy moon

1218
00:47:00,790 --> 00:46:58,319
and astronomers and planetary scientists

1219
00:47:01,750 --> 00:47:00,800
will be studying the surface of this icy

1220
00:47:03,750 --> 00:47:01,760
moon

1221
00:47:07,430 --> 00:47:03,760
and looking for to see if they can

1222
00:47:09,030 --> 00:47:07,440
understand how high energy particles

1223
00:47:11,670 --> 00:47:09,040
impact both the structure and the

1224
00:47:13,349 --> 00:47:11,680
composition of ice on the moon

1225
00:47:16,150 --> 00:47:13,359
so this is really interesting neat

1226
00:47:21,430 --> 00:47:18,309
now astronomers and astrophysicists are

1227
00:47:23,910 --> 00:47:21,440
interested in saturn's moon as well

1228
00:47:27,109 --> 00:47:23,920
and this image on the right here is an

1229
00:47:28,870 --> 00:47:27,119
artist's depiction of dragonfly

1230
00:47:32,150 --> 00:47:28,880
a dragonfly is a mission that was

1231
00:47:34,630 --> 00:47:32,160
selected to go to saturn's moon titan

1232
00:47:36,790 --> 00:47:34,640
and it's going to fly through titan's

1233
00:47:39,829 --> 00:47:36,800
very thick atmosphere

1234
00:47:42,150 --> 00:47:39,839
and explore the surface of titan

1235
00:47:44,630 --> 00:47:42,160
now uh dragonfly is actually going to be

1236
00:47:46,390 --> 00:47:44,640
built right down the road from us at uh

1237
00:47:48,309 --> 00:47:46,400
hopkins applied physics laboratories so

1238
00:47:50,309 --> 00:47:48,319
this will be very exciting um but it

1239
00:47:52,630 --> 00:47:50,319
won't be launched until 2027 so it's

1240
00:47:54,069 --> 00:47:52,640
something to look forward to but we

1241
00:47:56,069 --> 00:47:54,079
won't have

1242
00:47:57,829 --> 00:47:56,079
the beautiful pictures and the data for

1243
00:48:01,670 --> 00:47:57,839
a while so this is something to look

1244
00:48:03,670 --> 00:48:01,680
forward to in the longer term future

1245
00:48:04,710 --> 00:48:03,680
now you might be thinking to yourself

1246
00:48:07,030 --> 00:48:04,720
well

1247
00:48:09,190 --> 00:48:07,040
astrology seems more relevant to me

1248
00:48:10,710 --> 00:48:09,200
personally

1249
00:48:12,630 --> 00:48:10,720
but it turns out that astronomy and

1250
00:48:13,829 --> 00:48:12,640
astrophysics is very relevant to us

1251
00:48:16,230 --> 00:48:13,839
personally

1252
00:48:18,150 --> 00:48:16,240
and the reason is that mapping the

1253
00:48:20,950 --> 00:48:18,160
surfaces and atmospheres of jupiter and

1254
00:48:23,109 --> 00:48:20,960
saturn's moons can provide really

1255
00:48:24,950 --> 00:48:23,119
valuable information about where

1256
00:48:26,870 --> 00:48:24,960
extraterrestrial life might be able to

1257
00:48:28,790 --> 00:48:26,880
survive

1258
00:48:30,549 --> 00:48:28,800
and so if we delve into science fiction

1259
00:48:32,790 --> 00:48:30,559
a little bit and think back to again

1260
00:48:34,710 --> 00:48:32,800
december of this year there was a great

1261
00:48:35,750 --> 00:48:34,720
movie called the midnight sky that came

1262
00:48:37,670 --> 00:48:35,760
out

1263
00:48:39,510 --> 00:48:37,680
and george clooney plays an

1264
00:48:41,829 --> 00:48:39,520
astrophysicist

1265
00:48:44,710 --> 00:48:41,839
who is talking at the very beginning of

1266
00:48:47,349 --> 00:48:44,720
the movie to another scientist

1267
00:48:48,549 --> 00:48:47,359
who is exploring a habitable moon of

1268
00:48:50,549 --> 00:48:48,559
jupiter

1269
00:48:52,950 --> 00:48:50,559
now this is a fictional moon that in the

1270
00:48:54,950 --> 00:48:52,960
movie was discovered by george clooney's

1271
00:48:56,790 --> 00:48:54,960
astrophysicist character

1272
00:48:58,790 --> 00:48:56,800
uh but we can imagine you know that we

1273
00:49:01,829 --> 00:48:58,800
wouldn't find a potentially habitable

1274
00:49:03,670 --> 00:49:01,839
moon if we didn't go and search for it

1275
00:49:06,549 --> 00:49:03,680
and so this has some really interesting

1276
00:49:10,150 --> 00:49:06,559
again longer term implications for our

1277
00:49:15,109 --> 00:49:12,309
and this can this information is stuff

1278
00:49:17,750 --> 00:49:15,119
that can be applied to our study of

1279
00:49:20,630 --> 00:49:17,760
planets that orbit around other stars

1280
00:49:23,750 --> 00:49:20,640
so as of the end of august

1281
00:49:25,670 --> 00:49:23,760
scientists had confirmed about 4 500

1282
00:49:27,910 --> 00:49:25,680
planets orbiting around other stars so

1283
00:49:29,510 --> 00:49:27,920
this is really really exciting

1284
00:49:32,069 --> 00:49:29,520
and with the launch of the james webb

1285
00:49:35,109 --> 00:49:32,079
space telescope coming up soon

1286
00:49:37,030 --> 00:49:35,119
uh we'll really be able to take our

1287
00:49:38,470 --> 00:49:37,040
characterization of these planets to a

1288
00:49:40,470 --> 00:49:38,480
whole another level we'll be able to

1289
00:49:42,829 --> 00:49:40,480
look at their atmospheres much more

1290
00:49:45,910 --> 00:49:42,839
carefully um to understand the

1291
00:49:47,990 --> 00:49:45,920
composition and unfortunately it's much

1292
00:49:49,829 --> 00:49:48,000
harder to take pictures of the surface

1293
00:49:51,109 --> 00:49:49,839
of a planet around another star right

1294
00:49:52,309 --> 00:49:51,119
this is something that we don't really

1295
00:49:54,470 --> 00:49:52,319
have the

1296
00:49:56,549 --> 00:49:54,480
the capability to do yet

1297
00:49:58,470 --> 00:49:56,559
and so our work studying the moons of

1298
00:50:01,030 --> 00:49:58,480
saturn and jupiter is going to be really

1299
00:50:02,470 --> 00:50:01,040
valuable because it's

1300
00:50:04,390 --> 00:50:02,480
it's work that might be able to be

1301
00:50:07,109 --> 00:50:04,400
extended to studies of planets around

1302
00:50:11,270 --> 00:50:09,510
so this is one area where

1303
00:50:13,910 --> 00:50:11,280
there was a celestial event and the

1304
00:50:16,549 --> 00:50:13,920
roles of astronomers and astrophysicists

1305
00:50:18,950 --> 00:50:16,559
differed from roles of astrologers

1306
00:50:21,990 --> 00:50:18,960
now another event happened about four

1307
00:50:23,190 --> 00:50:22,000
years ago in 2017 with the total solar

1308
00:50:25,190 --> 00:50:23,200
eclipse

1309
00:50:27,430 --> 00:50:25,200
this was also described in the media the

1310
00:50:29,670 --> 00:50:27,440
as the great american eclipse because

1311
00:50:32,470 --> 00:50:29,680
the path of totality where you could see

1312
00:50:35,349 --> 00:50:32,480
the eclipse in its entirety uh crossed a

1313
00:50:37,270 --> 00:50:35,359
very large swath of the united states

1314
00:50:39,109 --> 00:50:37,280
so i was living in colorado at the time

1315
00:50:42,069 --> 00:50:39,119
i was in grad school and so i drove up

1316
00:50:44,069 --> 00:50:42,079
to wyoming to watch it sat in horrific

1317
00:50:45,430 --> 00:50:44,079
traffic on the way back down to colorado

1318
00:50:47,190 --> 00:50:45,440
from wyoming

1319
00:50:49,670 --> 00:50:47,200
but it was really totally worth it it

1320
00:50:51,270 --> 00:50:49,680
was a magnificent site

1321
00:50:53,349 --> 00:50:51,280
and here we're looking at a picture of

1322
00:50:55,030 --> 00:50:53,359
totality so we're seeing the moon

1323
00:50:56,069 --> 00:50:55,040
completely blocking out the light from

1324
00:50:57,750 --> 00:50:56,079
the sun

1325
00:50:59,750 --> 00:50:57,760
and you'll notice that we are still

1326
00:51:01,349 --> 00:50:59,760
actually seeing some light here so this

1327
00:51:03,030 --> 00:51:01,359
is why you're not supposed to look at

1328
00:51:04,870 --> 00:51:03,040
any clips without your glasses because

1329
00:51:07,349 --> 00:51:04,880
the sun doesn't completely disappear and

1330
00:51:09,349 --> 00:51:07,359
even this residual light can hurt your

1331
00:51:11,750 --> 00:51:09,359
eyeballs

1332
00:51:13,349 --> 00:51:11,760
now again in the lead up to the total

1333
00:51:16,230 --> 00:51:13,359
solar eclipse

1334
00:51:18,710 --> 00:51:16,240
astrologers were assigning meaning to

1335
00:51:20,230 --> 00:51:18,720
the eclipse and predicting

1336
00:51:22,710 --> 00:51:20,240
what trying to make predictions about

1337
00:51:25,109 --> 00:51:22,720
how it would impact human behavior

1338
00:51:27,750 --> 00:51:25,119
so we saw headlines about how the solar

1339
00:51:30,630 --> 00:51:27,760
eclipse could affect your sign

1340
00:51:32,309 --> 00:51:30,640
we also heard from astrologers who said

1341
00:51:34,630 --> 00:51:32,319
things like eclipses are the most

1342
00:51:37,430 --> 00:51:34,640
dramatic tools that the universe uses to

1343
00:51:39,589 --> 00:51:37,440
effect change nobody likes change but

1344
00:51:41,270 --> 00:51:39,599
eclipses shake us out of our complacency

1345
00:51:43,109 --> 00:51:41,280
and push us forward no matter if we're

1346
00:51:44,630 --> 00:51:43,119
ready or not

1347
00:51:46,309 --> 00:51:44,640
and this feature in time magazine

1348
00:51:48,390 --> 00:51:46,319
actually opened

1349
00:51:50,230 --> 00:51:48,400
by saying the upcoming total solar

1350
00:51:51,030 --> 00:51:50,240
eclipse will either wreak havoc on your

1351
00:51:53,670 --> 00:51:51,040
life

1352
00:51:55,430 --> 00:51:53,680
or herald waves of positive change that

1353
00:51:57,030 --> 00:51:55,440
is depending on who you are and which

1354
00:51:58,790 --> 00:51:57,040
astrologer you ask

1355
00:52:00,630 --> 00:51:58,800
and so remember you know we looked at

1356
00:52:02,390 --> 00:52:00,640
constellations across the globe and we

1357
00:52:05,750 --> 00:52:02,400
saw that the interpretations of the

1358
00:52:07,430 --> 00:52:05,760
patterns in the sky differed broadly

1359
00:52:09,589 --> 00:52:07,440
depending on

1360
00:52:11,430 --> 00:52:09,599
which uh which civilization we were

1361
00:52:13,829 --> 00:52:11,440
whose records we were looking at

1362
00:52:15,829 --> 00:52:13,839
um and the same holds true with

1363
00:52:18,309 --> 00:52:15,839
astrologers predictions as well there's

1364
00:52:20,790 --> 00:52:18,319
great variation in the interpretations

1365
00:52:23,109 --> 00:52:20,800
and the predictions

1366
00:52:25,589 --> 00:52:23,119
now astronomers and astrophysicists

1367
00:52:28,069 --> 00:52:25,599
instead used the total solar eclipse as

1368
00:52:31,349 --> 00:52:28,079
an opportunity to study the solar corona

1369
00:52:34,549 --> 00:52:31,359
or the crown of the sun

1370
00:52:37,829 --> 00:52:34,559
and so this image was taken with a

1371
00:52:39,109 --> 00:52:37,839
filter to extract particular wavelengths

1372
00:52:40,549 --> 00:52:39,119
of light

1373
00:52:42,710 --> 00:52:40,559
and if this may be a little bit hard to

1374
00:52:45,510 --> 00:52:42,720
see but they were able to detect these

1375
00:52:47,589 --> 00:52:45,520
big loops these plasma loops

1376
00:52:50,950 --> 00:52:47,599
and they were able to map structure and

1377
00:52:52,870 --> 00:52:50,960
holes in the solar corona

1378
00:52:54,309 --> 00:52:52,880
now this is really important and

1379
00:52:57,270 --> 00:52:54,319
interesting work

1380
00:52:59,910 --> 00:52:57,280
because we these loops can sometimes

1381
00:53:01,670 --> 00:52:59,920
turn into what are large coronal mass

1382
00:53:03,430 --> 00:53:01,680
ejections

1383
00:53:05,030 --> 00:53:03,440
and as very

1384
00:53:07,910 --> 00:53:05,040
catastrophically declared by this

1385
00:53:09,910 --> 00:53:07,920
headline that was in forbes

1386
00:53:11,829 --> 00:53:09,920
those coronal mass ejections can

1387
00:53:14,790 --> 00:53:11,839
potentially cause a multi-trillion

1388
00:53:15,910 --> 00:53:14,800
dollar disaster they could potentially

1389
00:53:18,950 --> 00:53:15,920
wipe out

1390
00:53:21,910 --> 00:53:18,960
all of our technology leaving us kind of

1391
00:53:23,430 --> 00:53:21,920
very much in the dark

1392
00:53:25,349 --> 00:53:23,440
and so it's really important for

1393
00:53:27,589 --> 00:53:25,359
astronomers and astrophysicists to be

1394
00:53:28,630 --> 00:53:27,599
able to study the sun so that we can

1395
00:53:30,390 --> 00:53:28,640
understand

1396
00:53:32,630 --> 00:53:30,400
you know for example the likelihood of

1397
00:53:34,309 --> 00:53:32,640
an event like this happening

1398
00:53:36,790 --> 00:53:34,319
and maybe make some preparation so that

1399
00:53:39,109 --> 00:53:36,800
we're ready if it does

1400
00:53:42,549 --> 00:53:39,119
and so here we're looking at a picture

1401
00:53:46,630 --> 00:53:42,559
of the d-kist solar telescope which is

1402
00:53:49,030 --> 00:53:46,640
located on haleakala in maui in hawaii

1403
00:53:51,430 --> 00:53:49,040
and this beautiful picture here

1404
00:53:53,270 --> 00:53:51,440
was the first light image that was taken

1405
00:53:55,190 --> 00:53:53,280
from the dkis telescope and so this was

1406
00:53:57,750 --> 00:53:55,200
one of the first pictures that was ever

1407
00:53:59,349 --> 00:53:57,760
taken with this telescope and this is a

1408
00:54:01,510 --> 00:53:59,359
stunning image

1409
00:54:03,190 --> 00:54:01,520
so we can see all of these shapes that

1410
00:54:05,750 --> 00:54:03,200
look like cells

1411
00:54:08,309 --> 00:54:05,760
and these are called convection cells so

1412
00:54:10,630 --> 00:54:08,319
the convection cells transport energy

1413
00:54:11,670 --> 00:54:10,640
from the interior of the sun to its

1414
00:54:14,230 --> 00:54:11,680
surface

1415
00:54:15,510 --> 00:54:14,240
and this is where those loops will

1416
00:54:17,270 --> 00:54:15,520
originate

1417
00:54:19,589 --> 00:54:17,280
and this also could be where those

1418
00:54:21,589 --> 00:54:19,599
coronal mass ejections might originate

1419
00:54:24,630 --> 00:54:21,599
so it's really important to map these

1420
00:54:26,870 --> 00:54:24,640
convection cells and there are lots of

1421
00:54:30,069 --> 00:54:26,880
solar astronomers and astrophysicists

1422
00:54:34,870 --> 00:54:32,790
now i've shown you where astronomers and

1423
00:54:38,230 --> 00:54:34,880
astrophysicists diverge from astrologers

1424
00:54:41,270 --> 00:54:38,240
for just a couple of celestial events

1425
00:54:43,109 --> 00:54:41,280
but this happens all of the time and so

1426
00:54:45,589 --> 00:54:43,119
maybe with the next celestial event that

1427
00:54:47,589 --> 00:54:45,599
comes up you'll be able to kind of see

1428
00:54:52,069 --> 00:54:47,599
what these differences are and

1429
00:54:55,510 --> 00:54:54,069
now we've really just scratched the

1430
00:54:58,150 --> 00:54:55,520
surface

1431
00:54:59,750 --> 00:54:58,160
of the history of studying the night sky

1432
00:55:01,910 --> 00:54:59,760
and so i want to leave you with a few

1433
00:55:03,829 --> 00:55:01,920
ways to think about this a little bit

1434
00:55:05,190 --> 00:55:03,839
more if you choose

1435
00:55:06,710 --> 00:55:05,200
so one thing you could do is you could

1436
00:55:09,670 --> 00:55:06,720
check out the work of cultural

1437
00:55:11,910 --> 00:55:09,680
astronomers like dr jorita holbrook

1438
00:55:13,750 --> 00:55:11,920
dr holbrook is a professor at the

1439
00:55:14,789 --> 00:55:13,760
university of western cape in south

1440
00:55:17,430 --> 00:55:14,799
africa

1441
00:55:20,230 --> 00:55:17,440
and they work to understand astronomy in

1442
00:55:21,349 --> 00:55:20,240
an anthropological context across the

1443
00:55:23,270 --> 00:55:21,359
globe

1444
00:55:24,630 --> 00:55:23,280
and so they're really interested in

1445
00:55:26,470 --> 00:55:24,640
seeing how

1446
00:55:28,309 --> 00:55:26,480
the history of studying the night sky

1447
00:55:30,309 --> 00:55:28,319
and in particular civilization has

1448
00:55:32,789 --> 00:55:30,319
carried through to how people view

1449
00:55:34,230 --> 00:55:32,799
astronomy and astrophysics today

1450
00:55:35,990 --> 00:55:34,240
so her work is really fascinating and

1451
00:55:37,750 --> 00:55:36,000
she has an excellent ted talk that's

1452
00:55:40,230 --> 00:55:37,760
available on youtube that you can take a

1453
00:55:43,910 --> 00:55:41,910
and another thing that you can do is you

1454
00:55:45,990 --> 00:55:43,920
can explore the constellations that were

1455
00:55:48,710 --> 00:55:46,000
identified in other cultures

1456
00:55:51,190 --> 00:55:48,720
using this free app called stellarium

1457
00:55:52,870 --> 00:55:51,200
so you can download stellarium onto your

1458
00:55:53,910 --> 00:55:52,880
computer or you can have it on your

1459
00:55:56,870 --> 00:55:53,920
phone

1460
00:55:58,630 --> 00:55:56,880
and stellarium has this really neat star

1461
00:56:00,549 --> 00:55:58,640
lore tab

1462
00:56:03,510 --> 00:56:00,559
and if you click on the starlord tab

1463
00:56:05,270 --> 00:56:03,520
you'll see a whole menu

1464
00:56:06,630 --> 00:56:05,280
of uh

1465
00:56:07,990 --> 00:56:06,640
different

1466
00:56:10,069 --> 00:56:08,000
constellation

1467
00:56:12,230 --> 00:56:10,079
maps that you can pick and so you can

1468
00:56:15,030 --> 00:56:12,240
see what the constellations looked like

1469
00:56:17,910 --> 00:56:15,040
for aztec astronomers for chinese

1470
00:56:18,950 --> 00:56:17,920
astronomers egyptian native american

1471
00:56:20,309 --> 00:56:18,960
you can look at a whole bunch of

1472
00:56:21,829 --> 00:56:20,319
different cultures i think there's about

1473
00:56:23,349 --> 00:56:21,839
60 in here

1474
00:56:25,670 --> 00:56:23,359
and if you were to click on one of these

1475
00:56:28,069 --> 00:56:25,680
civilizations you would see

1476
00:56:29,750 --> 00:56:28,079
some information about

1477
00:56:32,230 --> 00:56:29,760
how those patterns were interpreted and

1478
00:56:34,069 --> 00:56:32,240
what constellations they used

1479
00:56:36,710 --> 00:56:34,079
and you'll also see references in here

1480
00:56:39,349 --> 00:56:36,720
and some contact information for places

1481
00:56:41,589 --> 00:56:39,359
where the archaeological work to

1482
00:56:43,829 --> 00:56:41,599
understand how people interpreted the

1483
00:56:45,030 --> 00:56:43,839
skies is still ongoing so if that's

1484
00:56:46,549 --> 00:56:45,040
something you're interested in that

1485
00:56:48,549 --> 00:56:46,559
could be a really neat way to get

1486
00:56:50,789 --> 00:56:48,559
involved

1487
00:56:53,190 --> 00:56:50,799
so i'll leave you with the final answer

1488
00:56:55,510 --> 00:56:53,200
to our big question

1489
00:56:57,510 --> 00:56:55,520
um and that is that both astronomers and

1490
00:57:00,390 --> 00:56:57,520
astrophysicists and astrologers make

1491
00:57:03,030 --> 00:57:00,400
very detailed maps of the sky so it's

1492
00:57:04,470 --> 00:57:03,040
our job to know what is up in the night

1493
00:57:06,069 --> 00:57:04,480
sky

1494
00:57:07,990 --> 00:57:06,079
and this allows us to determine when

1495
00:57:09,910 --> 00:57:08,000
astronomical events might happen so for

1496
00:57:11,430 --> 00:57:09,920
example eclipses and planetary

1497
00:57:13,109 --> 00:57:11,440
conjunctions

1498
00:57:15,589 --> 00:57:13,119
and for astronomers and astrophysicists

1499
00:57:17,750 --> 00:57:15,599
now this also lets us determine when

1500
00:57:20,470 --> 00:57:17,760
planets are going to be passing in front

1501
00:57:22,950 --> 00:57:20,480
of their host stars so exoplanets around

1502
00:57:25,510 --> 00:57:22,960
other stars

1503
00:57:27,190 --> 00:57:25,520
now astrologers exclusively use those

1504
00:57:29,589 --> 00:57:27,200
maps to make predictions about

1505
00:57:31,990 --> 00:57:29,599
individual human behavior and maybe

1506
00:57:34,950 --> 00:57:32,000
large-scale societal changes

1507
00:57:36,870 --> 00:57:34,960
so they really link the sky to human

1508
00:57:38,789 --> 00:57:36,880
behavior

1509
00:57:42,069 --> 00:57:38,799
and astronomers and astrophysicists we

1510
00:57:44,549 --> 00:57:42,079
do not do that so we use telescopes to

1511
00:57:46,950 --> 00:57:44,559
observe the night sky and collect data

1512
00:57:49,030 --> 00:57:46,960
and we also use computer simulations to

1513
00:57:51,109 --> 00:57:49,040
investigate the physics that shapes our

1514
00:57:53,430 --> 00:57:51,119
universe and so we are really studying

1515
00:57:56,470 --> 00:57:53,440
astronomy and physics together to

1516
00:57:58,870 --> 00:57:56,480
understand how the universe works

1517
00:58:00,870 --> 00:57:58,880
so that brings us to the end of our time

1518
00:58:02,870 --> 00:58:00,880
together thank you so much for your

1519
00:58:06,950 --> 00:58:02,880
attention and i look forward to

1520
00:58:11,349 --> 00:58:09,270
thank you thank you that was wonderful

1521
00:58:14,390 --> 00:58:11,359
nice little um

1522
00:58:16,630 --> 00:58:14,400
both historical lesson as well as modern

1523
00:58:17,990 --> 00:58:16,640
uh interpretation of uh

1524
00:58:20,069 --> 00:58:18,000
of the um

1525
00:58:20,870 --> 00:58:20,079
the differences and uh

1526
00:58:23,990 --> 00:58:20,880
well

1527
00:58:25,829 --> 00:58:24,000
paying respect to the common origins of

1528
00:58:27,109 --> 00:58:25,839
studying the sky and how it

1529
00:58:29,190 --> 00:58:27,119
diverges

1530
00:58:31,270 --> 00:58:29,200
um i was particularly impressed when i

1531
00:58:33,349 --> 00:58:31,280
was listening to you um in

1532
00:58:37,190 --> 00:58:33,359
going through the the standard tico

1533
00:58:39,750 --> 00:58:37,200
brahi and johannes kepler and copernicus

1534
00:58:42,470 --> 00:58:39,760
and how the the sort of the divergence

1535
00:58:44,470 --> 00:58:42,480
happened as we started to go from

1536
00:58:46,390 --> 00:58:44,480
um i guess i sort of summarized it in my

1537
00:58:48,230 --> 00:58:46,400
own head that you know the astronomy and

1538
00:58:50,789 --> 00:58:48,240
the astrophysics went towards what are

1539
00:58:53,349 --> 00:58:50,799
the causes of what we see the changes in

1540
00:58:55,750 --> 00:58:53,359
the sky and the astrologers stayed with

1541
00:58:57,510 --> 00:58:55,760
well what are the effects of it you know

1542
00:58:59,829 --> 00:58:57,520
what do you think of that type uh

1543
00:59:01,190 --> 00:58:59,839
exactly exactly it was a very natural

1544
00:59:04,950 --> 00:59:01,200
progression

1545
00:59:07,349 --> 00:59:04,960
moving towards physics and causes

1546
00:59:09,030 --> 00:59:07,359
versus sticking with the effects

1547
00:59:10,710 --> 00:59:09,040
yeah

1548
00:59:13,990 --> 00:59:10,720
all right i'm going to bring in grant

1549
00:59:16,789 --> 00:59:14,000
justice grant has been monitoring our uh

1550
00:59:18,870 --> 00:59:16,799
chat there's been a bunch of stuff going

1551
00:59:20,710 --> 00:59:18,880
on on the chat um

1552
00:59:22,309 --> 00:59:20,720
grant uh why don't you turn on your

1553
00:59:24,870 --> 00:59:22,319
camera and join us

1554
00:59:26,950 --> 00:59:24,880
how things tonight grant hello yeah

1555
00:59:28,710 --> 00:59:26,960
we've had quite a lively chat tonight

1556
00:59:29,589 --> 00:59:28,720
it's been quite good

1557
00:59:31,190 --> 00:59:29,599
um

1558
00:59:34,549 --> 00:59:31,200
all right so

1559
00:59:36,309 --> 00:59:34,559
let me see what we got going on here

1560
00:59:37,589 --> 00:59:36,319
all right so we'll start us off first

1561
00:59:40,150 --> 00:59:37,599
with a good one

1562
00:59:43,349 --> 00:59:40,160
um is there an astronomy-based

1563
00:59:47,990 --> 00:59:43,359
alternative to astrology birth signs

1564
00:59:53,589 --> 00:59:51,670
that is a very excellent

1565
00:59:57,430 --> 00:59:53,599
question

1566
01:00:03,190 --> 01:00:00,470
okay so the short answer is no

1567
01:00:06,630 --> 01:00:03,200
um but that's because the birth signs

1568
01:00:07,990 --> 01:00:06,640
were defined based on what astronomy was

1569
01:00:09,589 --> 01:00:08,000
at the time

1570
01:00:11,670 --> 01:00:09,599
so the constellations that make up the

1571
01:00:13,349 --> 01:00:11,680
zodiac that are used as birth signs are

1572
01:00:14,470 --> 01:00:13,359
very real constellations so you can look

1573
01:00:16,309 --> 01:00:14,480
out at the night sky and you can

1574
01:00:18,069 --> 01:00:16,319
actually you can see them

1575
01:00:20,309 --> 01:00:18,079
um but the difference is that

1576
01:00:23,349 --> 01:00:20,319
astronomers today

1577
01:00:25,270 --> 01:00:23,359
don't use those as birth signs um they

1578
01:00:27,670 --> 01:00:25,280
provide a map of the universe for where

1579
01:00:29,109 --> 01:00:27,680
things are so for example i study star

1580
01:00:32,069 --> 01:00:29,119
and planet formation

1581
01:00:34,549 --> 01:00:32,079
and so i think a lot about what we call

1582
01:00:35,510 --> 01:00:34,559
the taurus association

1583
01:00:37,510 --> 01:00:35,520
and so

1584
01:00:39,750 --> 01:00:37,520
the taurus constellation

1585
01:00:41,349 --> 01:00:39,760
is important to me because it tells me

1586
01:00:43,510 --> 01:00:41,359
where my

1587
01:00:44,870 --> 01:00:43,520
targets are

1588
01:00:45,589 --> 01:00:44,880
whereas

1589
01:00:57,510 --> 01:00:45,599
i

1590
01:00:59,190 --> 01:00:57,520
mean what uh

1591
01:01:00,390 --> 01:00:59,200
the position of the sky on the day you

1592
01:01:01,349 --> 01:01:00,400
were born

1593
01:01:07,190 --> 01:01:01,359
um

1594
01:01:09,109 --> 01:01:07,200
effect of that

1595
01:01:11,190 --> 01:01:09,119
right and we're really you know trying

1596
01:01:12,150 --> 01:01:11,200
to look at the physics behind it and so

1597
01:01:15,190 --> 01:01:12,160
um

1598
01:01:16,390 --> 01:01:15,200
as uh i think carl sagan put it once you

1599
01:01:18,390 --> 01:01:16,400
know the um

1600
01:01:20,309 --> 01:01:18,400
the the person delivering you at your

1601
01:01:25,349 --> 01:01:20,319
birth has a stronger gravitational

1602
01:01:27,030 --> 01:01:25,359
effect than any star um in the night sky

1603
01:01:28,789 --> 01:01:27,040
and you mentioned that the scientific

1604
01:01:31,510 --> 01:01:28,799
method frank so one place where this

1605
01:01:34,069 --> 01:01:31,520
diverges is that um as astronomers and

1606
01:01:36,390 --> 01:01:34,079
astrophysicists we are looking to make

1607
01:01:38,069 --> 01:01:36,400
testable predictions exactly um and so

1608
01:01:40,789 --> 01:01:38,079
the thing that's difficult with birth

1609
01:01:43,030 --> 01:01:40,799
signs is that you can't be born twice

1610
01:01:45,030 --> 01:01:43,040
um and so that

1611
01:01:46,789 --> 01:01:45,040
makes it difficult for that to be a

1612
01:01:49,349 --> 01:01:46,799
testable prediction so that's where our

1613
01:01:50,789 --> 01:01:49,359
work diverges from the astrologers

1614
01:01:52,549 --> 01:01:50,799
okay

1615
01:01:54,309 --> 01:01:52,559
all right grant we have another question

1616
01:01:55,990 --> 01:01:54,319
from online yeah

1617
01:01:57,349 --> 01:01:56,000
absolutely i'm gonna throw this one in

1618
01:01:59,750 --> 01:01:57,359
there while i'm looking for the other

1619
01:02:02,710 --> 01:01:59,760
questions uh a super important one from

1620
01:02:04,150 --> 01:02:02,720
a viewer how many marathons have you run

1621
01:02:05,670 --> 01:02:04,160
oh

1622
01:02:06,630 --> 01:02:05,680
i feel like i'm on the spot i have run

1623
01:02:09,190 --> 01:02:06,640
one

1624
01:02:11,109 --> 01:02:09,200
it went very badly

1625
01:02:12,710 --> 01:02:11,119
so i am actually really excited to run

1626
01:02:14,470 --> 01:02:12,720
the marathon at the baltimore running

1627
01:02:15,990 --> 01:02:14,480
festival in october and hopefully that

1628
01:02:17,670 --> 01:02:16,000
goes better but at the very least it

1629
01:02:21,510 --> 01:02:17,680
will be a great way to kind of see the

1630
01:02:25,349 --> 01:02:23,190
all right very good

1631
01:02:27,270 --> 01:02:25,359
i'll just note that we've had a quite a

1632
01:02:28,870 --> 01:02:27,280
a history of um

1633
01:02:31,190 --> 01:02:28,880
runners at the space telescope science

1634
01:02:32,710 --> 01:02:31,200
institute if when you actually get to go

1635
01:02:35,190 --> 01:02:32,720
into the building you can see the

1636
01:02:37,829 --> 01:02:35,200
plaques that are up by the uh cafe

1637
01:02:40,549 --> 01:02:37,839
of the uh the runners uh and the team

1638
01:02:42,230 --> 01:02:40,559
plaques that they won over the years so

1639
01:02:43,910 --> 01:02:42,240
oh yes i can't wait there's a lively

1640
01:02:48,789 --> 01:02:43,920
community in slack but it'll be great to

1641
01:02:52,789 --> 01:02:50,630
i'm sourcing a couple more questions

1642
01:02:54,549 --> 01:02:52,799
here we you did a good job of answering

1643
01:02:57,190 --> 01:02:54,559
most of them in your talk already so

1644
01:02:58,870 --> 01:02:57,200
that's that's a positive thing okay so

1645
01:03:00,309 --> 01:02:58,880
while while you search grant let me just

1646
01:03:02,470 --> 01:03:00,319
um mention

1647
01:03:04,789 --> 01:03:02,480
nicole i remember um

1648
01:03:05,910 --> 01:03:04,799
and i was teaching a a solar system

1649
01:03:08,390 --> 01:03:05,920
class

1650
01:03:10,710 --> 01:03:08,400
researching kepler's books

1651
01:03:13,109 --> 01:03:10,720
and being surprised by just how much

1652
01:03:15,829 --> 01:03:13,119
numerology actually was in it

1653
01:03:19,589 --> 01:03:15,839
uh kepler was really really looking for

1654
01:03:21,990 --> 01:03:19,599
mathematical patterns um and he just

1655
01:03:24,390 --> 01:03:22,000
went off the deep end in terms of the

1656
01:03:26,549 --> 01:03:24,400
the the ways the patterns have you have

1657
01:03:30,390 --> 01:03:26,559
you looked at any of that

1658
01:03:32,309 --> 01:03:30,400
i i haven't read his books too carefully

1659
01:03:34,549 --> 01:03:32,319
but you know i've always been fascinated

1660
01:03:36,069 --> 01:03:34,559
by how he came up

1661
01:03:37,990 --> 01:03:36,079
with his laws

1662
01:03:40,710 --> 01:03:38,000
um you know the one that we think about

1663
01:03:42,870 --> 01:03:40,720
when we talk about planetary orbits is

1664
01:03:44,870 --> 01:03:42,880
the relationship between the period or

1665
01:03:45,990 --> 01:03:44,880
how long it takes a planet to go around

1666
01:03:47,910 --> 01:03:46,000
its star

1667
01:03:48,950 --> 01:03:47,920
and the distance between the planet and

1668
01:03:52,150 --> 01:03:48,960
the star

1669
01:03:56,230 --> 01:03:52,160
and kepler's rule that he discovered

1670
01:03:58,470 --> 01:03:56,240
was that uh the square of the period so

1671
01:04:02,789 --> 01:03:58,480
this time squared

1672
01:04:04,950 --> 01:04:02,799
was proportional to the distance cubed

1673
01:04:06,230 --> 01:04:04,960
now this is this is very weird right i

1674
01:04:08,150 --> 01:04:06,240
don't like thinking about things that

1675
01:04:10,870 --> 01:04:08,160
are squared and cubed

1676
01:04:13,829 --> 01:04:10,880
in my head when i know what the math is

1677
01:04:16,230 --> 01:04:13,839
and so i can only imagine the rabbit

1678
01:04:18,870 --> 01:04:16,240
holes that he went down you know to cut

1679
01:04:21,510 --> 01:04:18,880
to identify these patterns it was really

1680
01:04:24,150 --> 01:04:21,520
really remarkable science

1681
01:04:26,150 --> 01:04:24,160
right and he went down a lot of rabbit

1682
01:04:28,069 --> 01:04:26,160
holes that didn't lead anywhere which is

1683
01:04:31,270 --> 01:04:28,079
what i found in my research it was like

1684
01:04:33,910 --> 01:04:31,280
okay uh but this that to me that marked

1685
01:04:35,990 --> 01:04:33,920
really the divergence from uh getting to

1686
01:04:37,510 --> 01:04:36,000
the physical explanations um and trying

1687
01:04:41,670 --> 01:04:37,520
to just come up with these empirical

1688
01:04:43,270 --> 01:04:41,680
laws that fit these things um so almost

1689
01:04:45,670 --> 01:04:43,280
interesting time in the history of

1690
01:04:46,710 --> 01:04:45,680
astronomy and it was really clear that

1691
01:04:48,710 --> 01:04:46,720
you know his background as a

1692
01:04:51,029 --> 01:04:48,720
mathematician was really what allowed

1693
01:04:52,390 --> 01:04:51,039
him to find this pattern and identify

1694
01:04:54,230 --> 01:04:52,400
this connection

1695
01:04:56,549 --> 01:04:54,240
so there's definitely a lot of overlap

1696
01:04:58,630 --> 01:04:56,559
between astronomy and astrophysics and

1697
01:05:01,510 --> 01:04:58,640
with physics and math

1698
01:05:02,710 --> 01:05:01,520
and now chemistry too is worth it

1699
01:05:04,309 --> 01:05:02,720
i mean

1700
01:05:05,750 --> 01:05:04,319
i'm sure you get a lot of kids asking

1701
01:05:07,349 --> 01:05:05,760
you well what do i need to study to

1702
01:05:08,870 --> 01:05:07,359
become an astronomer and

1703
01:05:10,309 --> 01:05:08,880
really you need to have your math before

1704
01:05:11,670 --> 01:05:10,319
you can have your physics and you have

1705
01:05:14,549 --> 01:05:11,680
your physics before you can do your

1706
01:05:17,510 --> 01:05:14,559
astronomy uh so it's it's really this

1707
01:05:20,470 --> 01:05:17,520
layer cake of building up to get to

1708
01:05:22,549 --> 01:05:20,480
these things and it all comes together

1709
01:05:23,829 --> 01:05:22,559
grant we've been vamping go ahead

1710
01:05:26,789 --> 01:05:23,839
sure um

1711
01:05:28,630 --> 01:05:26,799
i actually like this one so having given

1712
01:05:31,349 --> 01:05:28,640
your talk and done the research on it

1713
01:05:35,349 --> 01:05:31,359
what would you consider the benefit

1714
01:05:40,950 --> 01:05:38,870
that's also a very good question

1715
01:05:44,230 --> 01:05:40,960
i don't think there's anything

1716
01:05:48,789 --> 01:05:44,240
bad about people feeling good

1717
01:05:50,470 --> 01:05:48,799
um and so people across the world really

1718
01:05:53,349 --> 01:05:50,480
put a lot of faith

1719
01:05:56,150 --> 01:05:53,359
in astrologers to make predictions that

1720
01:05:57,190 --> 01:05:56,160
might dictate the course of their lives

1721
01:05:59,190 --> 01:05:57,200
um and

1722
01:06:01,270 --> 01:05:59,200
i think that can be very dangerous right

1723
01:06:03,029 --> 01:06:01,280
you know you can be a dangerous thing to

1724
01:06:04,789 --> 01:06:03,039
give somebody else control over your

1725
01:06:05,750 --> 01:06:04,799
life

1726
01:06:07,589 --> 01:06:05,760
but

1727
01:06:09,670 --> 01:06:07,599
it's very clear that sometimes those

1728
01:06:11,029 --> 01:06:09,680
predictions can give people a sense of

1729
01:06:13,029 --> 01:06:11,039
peace

1730
01:06:15,349 --> 01:06:13,039
and maybe some security

1731
01:06:16,470 --> 01:06:15,359
in having a path that's charted out

1732
01:06:18,309 --> 01:06:16,480
and

1733
01:06:19,990 --> 01:06:18,319
i don't think there's anything wrong

1734
01:06:21,349 --> 01:06:20,000
with that it's not what i do as an

1735
01:06:22,390 --> 01:06:21,359
astronomer

1736
01:06:24,470 --> 01:06:22,400
um

1737
01:06:26,789 --> 01:06:24,480
but i i think that's something that's

1738
01:06:29,510 --> 01:06:26,799
positive you know you can never go wrong

1739
01:06:31,750 --> 01:06:29,520
with people feeling good

1740
01:06:33,349 --> 01:06:31,760
i would also say that um i have a number

1741
01:06:36,470 --> 01:06:33,359
of friends who just treat it as

1742
01:06:39,109 --> 01:06:36,480
entertainment okay it's uh you know

1743
01:06:41,430 --> 01:06:39,119
they don't uh take it too seriously um

1744
01:06:43,430 --> 01:06:41,440
but they check their horoscope sometimes

1745
01:06:45,109 --> 01:06:43,440
in terms of uh

1746
01:06:47,510 --> 01:06:45,119
treating it as as an entertainment

1747
01:06:48,870 --> 01:06:47,520
device uh for that and there's nothing

1748
01:06:49,829 --> 01:06:48,880
we've got plenty of inter and plenty of

1749
01:06:53,029 --> 01:06:49,839
ways to

1750
01:06:55,750 --> 01:06:54,549
but very important to keep the

1751
01:06:57,270 --> 01:06:55,760
distinction

1752
01:06:59,510 --> 01:06:57,280
exactly yes

1753
01:07:00,630 --> 01:06:59,520
and that's where the you know hollywood

1754
01:07:02,150 --> 01:07:00,640
and other

1755
01:07:04,069 --> 01:07:02,160
forms of entertainment

1756
01:07:06,069 --> 01:07:04,079
blur the lines between them um

1757
01:07:07,670 --> 01:07:06,079
unfortunately

1758
01:07:08,950 --> 01:07:07,680
exactly yeah

1759
01:07:12,069 --> 01:07:08,960
agreed

1760
01:07:13,589 --> 01:07:12,079
the chat has just been backing up most

1761
01:07:15,430 --> 01:07:13,599
of the things that you've said already

1762
01:07:17,670 --> 01:07:15,440
we really don't have too terribly many

1763
01:07:20,309 --> 01:07:17,680
questions so far

1764
01:07:24,549 --> 01:07:20,319
so okay

1765
01:07:27,510 --> 01:07:25,670
well

1766
01:07:30,069 --> 01:07:27,520
i mean one of the things that's oh there

1767
01:07:32,230 --> 01:07:30,079
was a question about the zodiacal light

1768
01:07:35,349 --> 01:07:32,240
um you mentioned the constellations the

1769
01:07:37,829 --> 01:07:35,359
the the the constellations of the zodiac

1770
01:07:39,510 --> 01:07:37,839
can you talk about zodiacal light and

1771
01:07:41,670 --> 01:07:39,520
does this have any relevance to

1772
01:07:43,109 --> 01:07:41,680
astrology or the constellations of the

1773
01:07:48,069 --> 01:07:43,119
zodiac

1774
01:07:50,390 --> 01:07:48,079
bit different as far as i know

1775
01:07:52,950 --> 01:07:50,400
they're the astrology does not

1776
01:07:54,870 --> 01:07:52,960
incorporate the zediaco light

1777
01:07:57,750 --> 01:07:54,880
um and so this is light that's kind of

1778
01:08:00,230 --> 01:07:57,760
scattered off of very small dust grains

1779
01:08:02,390 --> 01:08:00,240
in the solar system i mean it's very

1780
01:08:03,750 --> 01:08:02,400
very hard to see so i personally have

1781
01:08:06,950 --> 01:08:03,760
never seen it you have to go somewhere

1782
01:08:09,349 --> 01:08:06,960
where the skies are very very dark

1783
01:08:11,510 --> 01:08:09,359
but it is not

1784
01:08:13,829 --> 01:08:11,520
directly connected to the constellations

1785
01:08:17,189 --> 01:08:13,839
in any way i'm actually not sure of the

1786
01:08:18,309 --> 01:08:17,199
origin of the name zodiacal dust

1787
01:08:19,189 --> 01:08:18,319
um

1788
01:08:20,550 --> 01:08:19,199
i would

1789
01:08:22,630 --> 01:08:20,560
my guess was that you know it's in the

1790
01:08:25,430 --> 01:08:22,640
plane of the ecliptic basically right

1791
01:08:27,430 --> 01:08:25,440
yes and the constellations of the zodiac

1792
01:08:29,430 --> 01:08:27,440
are going to be you know in the plane of

1793
01:08:31,030 --> 01:08:29,440
the ecliptic so that the only place

1794
01:08:31,829 --> 01:08:31,040
you're going to see the zodiacal light

1795
01:08:33,430 --> 01:08:31,839
is

1796
01:08:34,950 --> 01:08:33,440
along the ecliptic

1797
01:08:36,550 --> 01:08:34,960
in the constellations of the zodiac i

1798
01:08:38,309 --> 01:08:36,560
get was my

1799
01:08:40,229 --> 01:08:38,319
guess understanding i haven't studied

1800
01:08:42,470 --> 01:08:40,239
the zodiac light myself

1801
01:08:44,309 --> 01:08:42,480
so it's quite possible that in early

1802
01:08:46,309 --> 01:08:44,319
times you know it was easier to see the

1803
01:08:48,870 --> 01:08:46,319
zodiacal light without the pollution

1804
01:08:51,430 --> 01:08:48,880
that we have from our cities now

1805
01:08:54,229 --> 01:08:51,440
um but i as far as i know it is not

1806
01:08:55,990 --> 01:08:54,239
incorporated in astrology

1807
01:08:58,149 --> 01:08:56,000
i mean when i was researching the story

1808
01:08:59,829 --> 01:08:58,159
that we did on the great comet today

1809
01:09:01,829 --> 01:08:59,839
i was like look at all these great

1810
01:09:04,229 --> 01:09:01,839
comments that occurred oh yeah this was

1811
01:09:06,070 --> 01:09:04,239
before we had the light bulb of course

1812
01:09:07,510 --> 01:09:06,080
you know

1813
01:09:09,430 --> 01:09:07,520
there could be great comments because

1814
01:09:10,630 --> 01:09:09,440
you could actually see them in the dark

1815
01:09:15,110 --> 01:09:10,640
night skies

1816
01:09:16,630 --> 01:09:15,120
exactly yeah it really made a difference

1817
01:09:20,950 --> 01:09:16,640
okay grant do we have anything else on

1818
01:09:25,510 --> 01:09:24,149
no we're good on the chat so

1819
01:09:26,630 --> 01:09:25,520
fantastic

1820
01:09:28,789 --> 01:09:26,640
um

1821
01:09:30,229 --> 01:09:28,799
well thank you very much nicole that was

1822
01:09:33,430 --> 01:09:30,239
a wonderful talk

1823
01:09:37,430 --> 01:09:33,440
next month we will have todd lauer

1824
01:09:39,510 --> 01:09:37,440
talking about how dark is the night sky